دانشگاه بیرجندمطالعات مدیریت توسعه سبز2981-24025320260923Enhancing Sustainable Performance through Green Human Resource Management: Green Intellectual Capital as the Crucial Linkارتقای عملکرد پایدار از طریق مدیریت منابع انسانی سبز: حلقه اتصال سرمایه فکری سبز371410.22077/jgdms.2025.9225.1295FAابراهیمرجب پوردانشیار، مدیریت بازرگانی، دانشکده کسب و کار و اقتصاد، دانشگاه خلیج فارس، بوشهر، ایران.0000-0002-5299-4081مژگانمحمدیدانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، مدیریت صنعتی، دانشکده کسب و کار و اقتصاد، دانشگاه خلیج فارس، بوشهر، ایران.یعقوبرجب پورکارشناسی ارشد، مدیریت بازرگانی بین‌الملل، دانشگاه پیام نور واحد عسلویه، بوشهر، ایرانJournal Article20250413Today, achieving sustainable organizational performance with the dimensions of economic, social and environmental responsibilities is of special importance for every organization. Therefore, the aim of this research is to measure the impact of green human resource management and green intellectual capital on sustainable performance. In terms of paradigm, this research is a proof-oriented research; From the point of view, practical; In terms of data collection method, it is survey & descriptive and correlation type. The statistical population of this research includes active petrochemical companies located in Bushehr province and Pars Special Economic Energy Zone, and the questionnaire was distributed among the employees of these companies. The statistical population of the research is unlimited and the statistical sample includes 396 people. The data collection tool was a questionnaire in three sections including green human resource management, green intellectual capital and sustainable performance. The reliability of the research instrument was measured through Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The research findings show that green human resource management has a positive and significant effect on green intellectual capital and sustainable performance in petrochemical companies. Green intellectual capital has a positive and significant effect on sustainable performance. Also, green intellectual capital plays a positive and meaningful mediating role in the relationship between green human resource management and sustainable performance. Considering the research findings, it is suggested that petrochemical companies pay special attention to the implementation of green human resource management and green intellectual capital.The present study is positivist research in terms of paradigm; deductive in terms of strategy; applied in terms of orientation; descriptive-survey in terms of data collection method; and correlational. The statistical population of the present study includes 60 active petrochemical companies located in Bushehr province and the South Pars Special Economic Zone. Considering the study area, the statistical population was estimated to be unlimited. Considering the unlimitedness of the statistical population of the study and using the Cochran table, 384 people were selected as the statistical sample of the study. In order to increase the reliability of the collected data, 450 questionnaires were distributed among the members of the statistical population; of these, 396 questionnaires were answered in full and were analyzed. The research data collection tool was a standard questionnaire in three sections: green human resource management, green intellectual capital, and sustainable performance. To assess the face and content validity of the questionnaire, the opinions of university professors and petrochemical experts in the field of human resource management were used. In order to ensure the reliability of the questionnaires, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used. Based on the data collected from 32 initial samples, Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the model variables was calculated to be between 70% and 87%, with the value being higher than 70%.The present study explains the importance of green human resource management and the role of green intellectual capital on sustainable performance in petrochemical companies. In accordance with previous studies, green human resource management (Musa and Osman, 2020) and green intellectual capital (Randegan and Tehjadi, 2023) are effective in achieving sustainable organizational performance. Green intellectual capital includes technical expertise and intangible knowledge of human resources that exist in an organization and thus affects organizational sustainable performance. Therefore, green intellectual capital plays an important role in the relationship between green human resource management and sustainable organizational performance by injecting knowledge into the shell and veins of the organization and also understanding the importance of the position of organizational intangible resources. According to the statistical analyses, it can be stated with 95% confidence that green human resource management has a positive and significant effect on sustainable performance and green intellectual capital. It should be noted that according to the structural model of the research, green human resource management has the greatest effect on green intellectual capital. Also, with 95% confidence, it was determined that green intellectual capital has a positive and significant mediating role in the relationship between green human resource management and sustainable performance. It is worth noting that the Sobel test was used to calculate the mediating role of green intellectual capital in the relationship between green human resource management and sustainable performance. With regard to this test, it was determined that the indirect effect of green human resource management on sustainable performance is 0.51 and its total effect is 0.64. Also, its significance number was calculated as 4.84.امروزه دستیابی به عملکرد پایدار سازمانی با ابعاد مسئولیت‌های اقتصادی، اجتماعی و زیست‌محیطی برای هر سازمانی دارای اهمیت ویژه‌ای است. لذا، هدف از پژوهش پژوهش حاضر سنجش تأثیر مدیریت منابع انسانی سبز و سرمایه فکری سبز بر عملکرد پایدار می‌باشد. پژوهش حاضر از نظر پارادایم، پژوهشی اثبات‌گرا؛ از منظر جهت‌گیری، کاربردی؛ از نظر روش جمع‌آوری داده‌ها از نوع توصیفی- پیمایشی و از نوع همبستگی است. جامعه آماری این پژوهش شامل شرکت‌های فعال پتروشیمی مستقر در استان بوشهر و منظقه ویژه اقتصادی پارس جنوبی هستند. جامعه آماری پژوهش نامحدود بوده و نمونه آماری شامل 396 نفر است. ابزار جمع‌آوری داده‌ها پرسشنامه در سه بخش مدیریت منابع انسانی سبز، عملکرد پایدار و سرمایه فکری سبز بوده است. پایایی ابزار پژوهش از طریق ضریب آلفای کرونباخ مورد سنجش قرار گرفت. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که مدیریت منابع انسانی سبز تأثیر مثبت و معناداری بر سرمایه فکری سبز و عملکرد پایدار در شرکت‌های پتروشیمی دارد. سرمایه فکری سبز بر عملکرد پایدار تأثیر مثبت و معناداری دارد. همچنین، سرمایه فکری سبز در رابطه بین مدیریت منابع انسانی سبز و عملکرد پایدار نقش میانجیگری مثبت و معناداری ایفا می‌کند. با توجه به یافته‌های پژوهش، به شرکت‌های پتروشیمی پیشنهاد می‌شود که راستای پیاده‌سازی مدیریت منابع انسانی سبز و سرمایه فکری سبز جدیت بیشتری داشته باشند.دانشگاه بیرجندمطالعات مدیریت توسعه سبز2981-24025320260923Analyzing the Socio-Environmental Practices of Sustainable Supply Chains and Their Impact on Competitive Advantageتحلیل کارکردهای اجتماعی و زیست محیطی زنجیره تأمین پایدار و اثرات آن بر مزیت رقابتی371610.22077/jgdms.2025.9189.1290FAحسیننوروزیدانشیار گروه مدیریت بازرگانی دانشکده مدیریت دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران0000-0002-0340-329Xفرزانهآزمایش فرددانش آموخته مدیریت بازرگانی، دانشکده مدیریت، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایرانJournal Article20250405Introduction The sustainable supply chain has become a focus for many businesses as a tool to navigate environmental challenges and unforeseen business circumstances. In this regard, having enabling factors can enhance the efficiency of the supply chain. The supply chain includes outsourcing raw materials and components, production and assembly of products, warehousing, order tracking and distribution through various channels, and ultimately delivery to the customer. It also encompasses suppliers, vendors, manufacturers, and retailers that interact through transportation, information, and financial infrastructure, with all activities connected by the flow and transportation of goods from the raw material stage to the final consumer. Management in such a supply chain must operate in a more strategic and comprehensive manner. The domains of the supply chain should encompass all business processes that facilitate speed and accuracy in meeting customer expectations. These processes extend from product development to relationship management. Accordingly, more comprehensive concepts of the supply chain have been proposed by researchers, one of which is sustainable supply chain management, which addresses topics such as the evolutionary nature of the supply chain and management development.Materials and methods The present research is applied in nature and falls under descriptive-correlational studies. In terms of data collection and analysis, it employs a descriptive-non-experimental method. This study utilized library research to gather information regarding the supply chain and employed field research through questionnaires. After formulating the research hypotheses, the variables were measured using the questionnaires developed by Vargas, Indurand, and Mantilla (2018) and Cantle and Zardini (2018). In these questionnaires, the enablers of the supply chain were assessed through two components: senior management support (4 questions) and strategic purchasing (8 questions). The social and environmental functions of the supply chain were each measured through 16 questions, while the competitive advantage of the company was evaluated through 6 questions. Additionally, the company’s reputation was assessed through 3 questions. The reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and the results indicated the reliability of the research tool.This research is cross-sectional in terms of time, and its statistical population consists of the Saipa automotive group. In analyzing the research data, conducted with Smart PLS and SPSS software, descriptive analysis of the research data was first performed. Following that, the normality of the distribution of variables was examined using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and the structural model of the research was evaluated. To assess the validity of the constructs, conventional indices were used, and the results indicated a good fit for the model. Considering the structural equation modeling method in testing the research hypotheses, Klein's (1990) sample size determination method was used to establish the sample size. Since this research includes 6 factors—namely, support from senior and middle managers, strategic purchasing, environmental functions of the supply chain, social functions of the supply chain, company reputation, and competitive advantage—the minimum required sample size according to Klein's recommendation is 120 individuals. However, to ensure the necessary accuracy of the results, a minimum sample size of 200 individuals was considered, and this number was selected using a non-probability convenience sampling method from the target statistical population. Among the sampled managers, 75.5 percent (151 individuals) were male and 24.5 percent (49 individuals) were female. Regarding educational qualifications, there were 47 individuals with a bachelor's degree, 126 with a master's degree, and 27 with a doctoral degree. In terms of managerial experience, 45 individuals had between 10 to 15 years, 84 had between 15 to 20 years, and 71 had more than 20 years of management experience.Findings The results of the data analysis indicated that the enablers of the supply chain had a direct and significant impact on the environmental and social functions of the supply chain. Additionally, the environmental and social functions of the supply chain showed a significant effect on the company's reputation and competitive advantage. However, no significant relationship was observed between reputation and competitive advantage; therefore, the influence of the enablers, as well as the social and environmental functions of the supply chain on competitive advantage through the company's reputation, was not confirmed.Discussion and conclusion According to the findings of this research, it was observed that improving the level of support from senior and middle managers, as well as implementing strategic purchasing in the company, can lead to an enhancement of the social and environmental functions of the supply chain. Since achieving the company's goals in line with the development and improvement of the supply chain requires having precise plans and the support of managers for the implementation of these plans, the role of senior and middle managers in improving the functions of the supply chain is not unexpected. On the one hand, the company's strategic purchasing, emphasizing planned purchases based on market evaluation and company resources, indicates the targeted nature of the raw material procurement programs. It is expected that strategic purchasing with these characteristics can lead to improved supply chain functions in the company by reducing costs. Therefore, these findings were anticipated. On the other hand, the results indicate a direct impact of supply chain functions on the company's reputation and competitive advantage. However, it should be noted that the automotive industry in Iran is not very competitive, and the monopoly in this industry poses challenges to the concept of competitiveness. This may explain the lack of impact of reputation on competitive advantage in the research model. Nevertheless, the findings suggest that improving supply chain functions can lead to a higher reputation for the company. It is important to note that supply chain functions also encompass the company's distribution and sales channels, and therefore, improvements in these areas are directly perceptible to customers. Thus, an increase in the company's reputation due to enhancements in supply chain functions is not unexpected.Considering that competitiveness in this industry, particularly in Iran, is influenced by the total cost of the product and the profit from product sales, it is expected that improving supply chain functions will increase the company's market share and that production and sales costs will align with pre-established plans. Thus, higher competitiveness for the company can be envisioned through this approach. However, the most significant finding of this research, in the researcher’s view, is the lack of impact of reputation on competitive advantage and, consequently, the rejection of its mediating role in the relationship between supply chain functions and competitive advantage. As previously mentioned, this finding can be attributed to the monopoly in the industry and the different definition of competitiveness within this industry in the country. As long as production monopoly is not held by a few specific companies, it can be expected that with an increase in the company’s reputation, its competitiveness and competitive advantages will also rise. However, when production monopoly is held by one or a few specific companies, competitive advantage loses its significance, and customers are compelled to obtain the desired product solely from these monopolistic companies. Therefore, in such conditions, competitive advantage becomes an unrealistic and irrational concept. Based on this, it seems that supply chain enablers, as long as a production monopoly exists, cannot lead to a more favorable ultimate performance regarding competitive advantage for the company, and this is the most important finding of this research.زنجیره تأمین پایدار به عنوان یکی از ابزارهای گذر از چالش های محیطی و پیش بینی نشده کسب و کار مورد توجه بسیاری از کسب و کارها قرار گرفته است که در این رابطه برخورداری از توانمندسازهایی می‌تواند کارایی زنجیره تأمین را بهبود بخشد. هدف از انجام این تحقیق بررسی توانمندسازهای مدیریت زنجیره تأمین پایدار و اثرات آن بر مزیت رقابتی با تاکید بر نقش شهرت شرکت است. این پژوهش ازنظر نوع، «کاربردی» و از نظـر رویکـرد، «شـناختی» اسـت کـه بـا شـیوة پیمایشی در گردآوری داده‌ها انجام شده است. جامعة پژوهش حاضر شامل مدیران شرکت‌های فعال در گروه خودروسازی سایپا است. جهت تعیین تعداد نمونه از روش تعیین حجم نمونه کلاین (1990) استفاده شده است. تعداد 200 نفر به شیوه نمونه گیری تصادفی ساده انتخاب شده اند. گردآوری داده‌های پژوهش از طریق پرسشنامه انجام شد. در تحلیل داده‌های این تحقیق از نسخه 3 نرم افزار Smart PLS و نسخه 19 نرم افزار SPSSاستفاده شده است. یافته‌های این پژوهش نشان داد که توانمندسازهای زنجیره تأمین تاثیر مستقیم و معناداری بر روی کارکردهای زیست محیطی و اجتماعی زنجیره تأمین و خود این کارکردها نیز تاثیر معناداری بر روی شهرت و مزیت رقابتی شرکت دارند، در حالی که بین شهرت و مزیت رقابتی رابطه معناداری مشاهده نشد. حمایت مدیران ارشد و خرید استراتژیک از جمله توانمندسازهای کارکردهای اجتماعی و زیست محیطی زنجیره تأمین پایدار هستند. لذا نتایج این تحقیق به مدیرانی که به دنبال پایداری زنجیره تأمین هستند کمک می‌کند تا در تدوین برنامه‌های استراتژیک برای خرید مواد اولیه و حمایت از اجرای برنامه های زنجیره تأمین این دو رکن اصلی در موفقیت پایداری زنجیره تأمین را درنظر داشته باشند.دانشگاه بیرجندمطالعات مدیریت توسعه سبز2981-24025320260923From Nature Immersion to Responsible Tourism: Unlocking the Pathway of Subjective Well-beingاز غوطه‌وری در طبیعت تا گردشگری مسئولانه: گشودن مسیر بهزیستی ذهنی371910.22077/jgdms.2025.9441.1308FAاعظمصفرآبادیاستادیار مدیریت گردشگری و هتلداری، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران0000-0002-5772-8460سیامکتارهکارشناسی ارشد بازاریابی گردشگری، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایرانفاطمهشکاریاستادیار مدیریت گردشگری و هتلداری، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران0000-0001-7738-3853Journal Article20250520IntroductionThe findings from field observations on nature tours indicate that experienced nature tourists, compared to less experienced ones, exhibit higher levels of environmentally responsible behaviors. This group also establishes a deeper connection with the natural environment, which can be the result of frequent and meaningful interactions with nature. Such differences provide a rich field for initiating scientific studies and evidence-based research. Given the increasing necessity of protecting the environment and preventing the negative consequences of human activities, promoting responsible behaviors among nature tourists is of strategic importance. Responsible behavior is recognized as one of the essential factors in preserving the environment, and with the increase in nature-based travel, the need for education and investment in this area has become more prominent than ever. Among the important issues is the identification of factors that can strengthen the intrinsic motivations of nature walkers so that they can have the greatest impact on protecting the natural environment voluntarily and at minimal cost. Previous studies in this field have examined factors such as subjective well-being, which play an important role in promoting responsible behavior.MethodologyThe present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Data collection was carried out using two approaches: survey and library. The statistical population included Iranian nature hikers, and using the Cochran formula, the sample size was determined to be 384 people; however, in order to increase the accuracy of the results, 410 people were questioned. The sampling method was cluster and simple random. The data collection tool was an electronic questionnaire with a closed structure and based on a five-point Likert scale (from "very much" to "very little"), the design of which was mainly based on theoretical background and literature on the subject.Findings- The effect of the variable of previous experience of nature tourism on the responsible behavior of nature tourists, the path coefficient value is estimated to be 1. Considering that the value (P-value) is less than 0.05, it can be said that this value is significant at the error level of 0.05.- The effect of the variable of connection with nature on the responsible behavior of nature tourists, the path coefficient value is estimated to be 0.347. Considering that the value (P-value) is less than 0.05, it can be said that this value is significant at the error level of 0.05.- The effect of the variable of subjective well-being on the responsible behavior of nature tourists, the path coefficient value is estimated to be 0.327. Considering that the value (P-value) is less than 0.05, it can be said that this value is significant at the error level of 0.05.- The effect of the variable of previous experience of nature tourism on the connection with nature, the path coefficient value is estimated to be 0.238. Given that the P-value is less than 0.05, it can be said that this value is significant at the 0.05 error level.- The effect of the frequency of nature tourism experience on the link with subjective well-being, the path coefficient value is estimated to be 0.336. Given that the P-value is less than 0.05, it can be said that this value is significant at the 0.05 error level.Discussion and ConclusionThis study has examined the factors affecting responsible behavior of nature tourists. Given Iran's climatic diversity, cultural richness, and the variety of natural landscapes it enjoys, in recent years we have witnessed a significant increase in the trend towards nature tourism in the country; a phenomenon that, despite its economic and cultural benefits, has brought with it numerous negative environmental consequences. Hence, the need to protect natural resources and preserve ecological heritage for future generations has become an unavoidable necessity. Within the framework of this study, the variables of "previous nature tourism experience", "connection with nature", and "subjective well-being" were selected as factors affecting responsible environmental behavior, and the conceptual model of the research was drawn using theoretical background. The collected data were examined through descriptive and inferential analyses. What distinguishes this research from previous studies is its focus on emerging and less studied dimensions of responsible ecotourism behavior. The findings show that simply having a high level of ecotourism experience cannot lead to the promotion of responsible behavior in individuals, but rather this relationship becomes meaningful when it is influenced by mediating variables such as connection with nature and subjective well-being. In other words, the quality and context of the experience matter, and not every experience will necessarily lead to responsible behavior.- Given the significant relationship between the frequency of ecotourism experience and connection with nature, which in turn affects responsible environmental behavior, it is suggested that a coherent program be developed for less experienced groups such as students and youth. In this regard, targeted training and careful monitoring of these groups' first ecotourism experiences can lead to the formation and strengthening of a sense of belonging to nature and ultimately to the emergence of environmentally responsible behaviors.- Given the positive relationship between the frequency of ecotourism experiences and the promotion of subjective well-being—which in turn strengthens responsible behavior—it is suggested that initial ecotourism experiences take place under controlled conditions and with the necessary training. In particular, the deployment of trained guides in sensitive and vulnerable ecotourism destinations can lead to the improvement of tourists' subjective well-being and the promotion of their environmentally responsible behaviors in the long term.با گسترش روزافزون گردشگری طبیعت‌محور و افزایش علاقه‌مندان به این نوع سفرها، نگرانی‌ها درباره تخریب‌های عمدی و غیرعمدی محیط‌زیست طبیعی افزایش یافته است. این مسئله ضرورت توجه به راهکارهای مؤثر برای کنترل و کاهش آثار منفی زیست‌محیطی ناشی از طبیعت‌گردی را دوچندان کرده است. در سال‌های اخیر، انتخاب مقاصد و اقامتگاه‌ها از سوی گردشگران دوستدار محیط‌زیست، بیش از پیش تحت تأثیر ملاحظات زیست‌محیطی و تلاش برای به حداقل رساندن آثار مخرب قرار گرفته است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی نقش تجربه قبلی طبیعت‌گردی در شکل‌گیری رفتار مسئولانه طبیعت‌گردان، با تأکید بر نقش میانجی متغیرهای «بهزیستی ذهنی» و «پیوند با طبیعت» انجام شده است. با توجه به ظرفیت‌های بالای طبیعی و فرهنگی ایران در جذب گردشگران طبیعت‌گرد، تحلیل سازوکارهای اثرگذار در این حوزه می‌تواند زمینه‌ساز تدوین راهبردهایی برای توسعه پایدار طبیعت‌گردی باشد. این پژوهش از نوع کاربردی و به روش توصیفی–پیمایشی انجام شده است. جامعه آماری شامل طبیعت‌گردان ایرانی بوده و داده‌ها از طریق پرسشنامه جمع‌آوری شده‌اند. برای تحلیل داده‌ها از نرم‌افزارهای SPSS و AMOS استفاده شد. یافته‌ها نشان داد که بین «پیوند با طبیعت» و «رفتار مسئولانه طبیعت‌گردان» رابطه مثبت و معناداری وجود دارد. همچنین، بین «بهزیستی ذهنی» و «رفتار مسئولانه» نیز رابطه‌ای معنادار مشاهده شد. افزون بر این، «فراوانی تجربه طبیعت‌گردی» با «پیوند با طبیعت» و با «بهزیستی ذهنی نیز رابطه‌ای مثبت و معنادار دارد. نتایج آزمون میانجیگری نشان داد که تأثیر فراوانی تجربه بر رفتار مسئولانه از طریق دو متغیر میانجی «پیوند با طبیعت» و «بهزیستی ذهنی» به‌صورت کامل و معنادار صورت می‌گیرد. در مقابل، اثر مستقیم تجربه قبلی بر رفتار مسئولانه، معنادار نبوده است.دانشگاه بیرجندمطالعات مدیریت توسعه سبز2981-24025320260923Development of Sustainable and Resilient Strategies in Green Technologyتوسعه راهبردهای پایدار و انعطاف‌پذیر در فناوری سبز372010.22077/jgdms.2025.9288.1301FAصباحاحمد اسماعیلگروه اقتصاد بخش عمومی، دانشکده اقتصاد و مدیریت، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران.سید کمالصادقیگروه توسعه اقتصادی و برنامه‌ریزی، دانشکده اقتصاد و مدیریت، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران0009-0009-1034-5321Journal Article20250504In the present era, sustainable development and green technologies have emerged as two main pillars in economic and environmental policymaking. Given the increasing environmental challenges such as air pollution, climate change, and the depletion of natural resources, the necessity to focus on green technologies and sustainable strategies for preserving the environment and improving the quality of human life has become more pronounced. This research examines and develops sustainable and flexible strategies in green technology in Iran, aiming to identify and prioritize key indicators of green technologies to propose solutions for improving the environmental and economic status of the country.The methodology of this research is based on a combined and systematic approach aimed at identifying and prioritizing key indicators of green technologies. This approach allows us to comprehensively and accurately analyze issues related to green technologies and sustainable development. In the first phase, a comprehensive review of the existing literature on green technologies and sustainable development was conducted. This review included an examination of scientific articles, international reports, and documents related to the challenges and opportunities in this field. The objective of this phase was to gain a deeper understanding of the current status of green technologies, global trends, and the specific needs of Iran. This review helped identify the strengths and weaknesses of existing policies and strategies and laid the groundwork for identifying key indicators for the research.After completing the literature review, the next phase involved gathering the opinions and experiences of experts in this field. For this purpose, the fuzzy Delphi method was employed. This method was chosen due to its ability to manage uncertainty and ambiguity in data, especially regarding environmental issues. In this method, a group of experienced experts in green technologies and sustainable development was selected, and they were asked to provide their opinions on the key indicators of green technologies. During this phase, a questionnaire was designed that included both open and closed questions. Open questions allowed experts to express their opinions and suggestions freely, while closed questions facilitated the collection of quantitative and comparative data. After collecting the opinions, the final indicators were identified and prioritized using statistical techniques and data analysis.Once the indicators were finalized, the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) was used to weight and rank these indicators. This method enables us to evaluate and compare the indicators both quantitatively and qualitatively, ultimately providing an accurate prioritization of the key indicators of green technologies. In this stage, experts were asked to determine the relative importance of each indicator compared to one another. This evaluation was conducted in a fuzzy manner to provide greater flexibility in data analysis and to reduce ambiguities that may exist in qualitative assessments.Ultimately, the results obtained from this process led to a deeper analysis and interpretation of the status of green technologies in Iran and assisted in identifying and prioritizing key indicators. This methodology not only helped in collecting valid and reliable data but also allowed us to scientifically and substantively analyze and examine the challenges and opportunities present in the field of green technologies.This combined and systematic approach enables us to comprehensively address issues related to green technologies and propose effective solutions for sustainable development in Iran. The results obtained from this process indicate that two indicators—environmental investment foundation and output efficiency—have the highest impact on the development of green technologies. These findings clearly indicate that to achieve sustainable development goals, special attention must be paid to these two factors.Additionally, the proposed strategies in this research include the development of environmental taxes, the provision of financial incentives for investment in renewable energy, and the establishment of appropriate infrastructure to support green technologies. For instance, implementing environmental taxes can help reduce pollution and encourage industries to adopt clean technologies. Moreover, providing financial incentives to investors and companies for the development and utilization of renewable energy can lead to an increase in the share of clean energy in the country’s energy portfolio.This research emphasizes the importance of integrating green technologies into national economic strategies and suggests that governments should promote these technologies through supportive legislation and funding for research and development (R&D). For example, allocating adequate budgets for research and development in the field of green technologies and fostering international collaborations can expedite the transition towards a green economy.Finally, this study highlights the necessity of establishing a suitable legal and policy framework to support green technologies. This framework should include laws and regulations that encourage innovation and investment in green technologies while also addressing the preservation of natural resources and the improvement of environmental quality.Overall, this research serves as a guide for policymakers and decision-makers in the field of sustainable development and green technologies and can be used as a basis for formulating effective strategies in this area. Given the existing environmental challenges and the need for sustainable development, adopting innovative and scientific approaches in this field is essential.Consequently, this research not only identifies and prioritizes key indicators of green technologies but also provides practical solutions for improving the environmental and economic status of the country and emphasizes the importance of collaboration among various sectors of society in achieving sustainable development goals.در عصر حاضر، توسعه پایدار و فناوری‌های سبز به عنوان دو محور اصلی در سیاست‌گذاری‌های اقتصادی و زیست‌محیطی مطرح شده‌اند. این تحقیق به بررسی و توسعه استراتژی‌های پایدار و انعطاف‌پذیر در فناوری سبز در ایران می‌پردازد. با توجه به چالش‌های زیست‌محیطی نظیر آلودگی هوا و تغییرات اقلیمی، این مطالعه به شناسایی و اولویت‌بندی شاخص‌های کلیدی فناوری‌های سبز با استفاده از یک رویکرد ترکیبی و سیستماتیک می‌پردازد. روش‌شناسی شامل مرور جامع ادبیات، استفاده از روش دلفی فازی برای نهایی‌سازی شاخص‌ها و به کارگیری فرایند تحلیل سلسله مراتبی فازی (FAHP) برای وزن‌دهی و رتبه‌بندی این شاخص‌ها است. نتایج نشان می‌دهند که بنیاد سرمایه‌گذاری زیست‌محیطی و کارایی خروجی بالاترین تأثیر را دارند. همچنین، استراتژی‌های پیشنهادی شامل توسعه مالیات‌های زیست‌محیطی، ارائه مشوق‌های مالی برای سرمایه‌گذاری در انرژی‌های تجدیدپذیر و ایجاد زیرساخت‌های مناسب برای حمایت از فناوری‌های سبز است. این تحقیق بر اهمیت ادغام فناوری‌های سبز در استراتژی‌های اقتصادی ملی تأکید دارد و پیشنهاد می‌کند که دولت‌ها باید از طریق قوانین حمایتی و تأمین مالی تحقیق و توسعه (R&D) به ترویج این فناوری‌ها بپردازند.دانشگاه بیرجندمطالعات مدیریت توسعه سبز2981-24025320260923From Green HRM to Organizational Attractiveness: A Moderated Mediation Modelاز مدیریت منابع انسانی سبز تا جذابیت سازمانی: یک مدل میانجیگری تعدیل‌شده372710.22077/jgdms.2025.9200.1291FAرامینباقریگروه مدیریت و اقتصاد، دانشکده علوم انسانی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه گلستان، گرگان، ایران0000-0001-8452-954Xعیسینیازیگروه مدیریت و اقتصاد، دانشکده علوم انسانی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه گلستان، گرگان، ایران0000-0002-8606-953Xیعقوبخواجهدانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد مدیریت بازرگانی، موسسه آموزش عالی شرق گلستان، گنبدکاووس، ایرانJournal Article20250408IntroductionIn the contemporary era, sustainability and social responsibility, particularly in environmental domains, have become central priorities for organizations. Green Human Resource Management (GHRM) has emerged as a novel approach aimed at aligning human resource activities with sustainability goals, playing a pivotal role in achieving these objectives. This study investigates the impact of GHRM on organizational attractiveness, with the mediating roles of environmental performance and organizational reputation, and the moderating role of green culture in Pagah Golestan Company. The research seeks to answer how GHRM can enhance organizational attractiveness by improving environmental performance and organizational reputation, and how green culture strengthens these relationships. By addressing these questions, this study contributes to the growing body of literature on sustainable HRM practices and their implications for organizational success.MethodologyThis study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of methodology. The statistical population includes all employees of Pagah Golestan Company, totaling 270 individuals, from which 159 were selected as the sample size using simple random sampling. Standard questionnaires were used to collect data, ensuring the reliability and validity of the measurement tools. The reliability of the questionnaires was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha, extracted variance, and composite reliability indices. Additionally, the validity of the questionnaires was assessed using convergent and divergent validity. For data analysis, descriptive statistics were analyzed using SPSS software, while inferential statistics were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with Smart PLS software. This robust methodological approach ensures the accuracy and reliability of the findings.FindingsThe findings revealed that GHRM has a significant positive impact on organizational attractiveness (path coefficient = 0.134). This indicates that organizations focusing on GHRM can enhance employees' willingness to join and continue working with the organization by setting green goals and addressing social concerns. Furthermore, GHRM significantly positively influences environmental performance (path coefficient = 0.780) and organizational reputation (path coefficient = 0.327). These results suggest that organizations prioritizing GHRM can not only improve their environmental performance but also enhance their reputation by fostering a responsible and sustainable image. These findings align with previous studies, such as those by Rezaei and Bozorgpour (2021), Rajabpour and Afkhami Ardakani (2021), Omrani et al. (2022), Nisar et al. (2022), and Gill et al. (2021), which emphasize the role of GHRM in achieving sustainability goals. Environmental performance also showed a significant positive impact on organizational reputation (path coefficient = 0.509) and organizational attractiveness (path coefficient = 0.158). These findings indicate that organizations leading in pollution reduction, resource optimization, and environmental initiatives can create a positive and responsible image among stakeholders. This positive image not only increases customer and community trust but also enhances employees' willingness to join and continue their collaboration with the organization. These results are consistent with the findings of Omrani et al. (2022), who highlighted the role of environmental performance in building organizational reputation and attractiveness. Organizational reputation, in turn, significantly positively affects organizational attractiveness (path coefficient = 0.406). This suggests that organizations with a positive reputation can increase employees' willingness to join and continue their collaboration. This finding is particularly relevant in the competitive talent acquisition landscape, as employees are more likely to be attracted to organizations that are socially responsible and environmentally conscious. These results align with studies by Rashidi et al. (2022) and Omrani et al. (2022), which emphasize the importance of organizational reputation in attracting and retaining talent.The moderating role of green culture was also examined in this study. The findings demonstrated that green culture, as a moderating factor, strengthens the impact of GHRM on environmental performance, organizational reputation, and organizational attractiveness. This implies that organizations that institutionalize green culture among their employees can amplify the positive effects of GHRM on environmental performance, organizational reputation, and organizational attractiveness. This finding underscores the importance of fostering a green culture within organizations to maximize the benefits of GHRM practices.Discussion and ConclusionThis study, by confirming the positive impact of GHRM on organizational attractiveness and the mediating roles of environmental performance and organizational reputation, takes a significant step toward understanding the role of human resource management in achieving organizational sustainability goals. The findings highlight that GHRM not only contributes to improving environmental performance but also creates competitive advantages for organizations by fostering a positive and responsible image. From a practical perspective, this study suggests that organizational leaders implement GHRM policies and enhance environmental performance to project a responsible and sustainable image, thereby leveraging the competitive benefits of positive reputation and organizational attractiveness. Additionally, institutionalizing green culture within organizations can strengthen the positive impacts of GHRM.The study also has important theoretical implications. It contributes to the literature on sustainable HRM by demonstrating the interconnectedness of GHRM, environmental performance, organizational reputation, and organizational attractiveness. By introducing green culture as a moderating variable, the study provides new insights into how organizational culture can enhance the effectiveness of GHRM practices. These findings can serve as a foundation for future research exploring the role of GHRM in different organizational contexts and its impact on other organizational outcomes, such as employee engagement, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. However, this study has certain limitations. First, it is limited to a specific organizational context, which may affect the generalizability of the findings. Future research could replicate this study in different industries and cultural settings to validate the results. Second, the study employs a cross-sectional design, which limits the ability to establish causal relationships. Longitudinal studies could provide deeper insights into the causal mechanisms underlying the relationships explored in this study. Third, the study focuses on a limited set of variables. Future research could examine additional mediating and moderating variables, such as leadership styles, organizational size, and industry type, to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing the effectiveness of GHRM. In conclusion, this study underscores the importance of GHRM in enhancing organizational attractiveness through improved environmental performance and organizational reputation. It also highlights the critical role of green culture in amplifying the positive effects of GHRM. By adopting GHRM practices and fostering a green culture, organizations can not only achieve their sustainability goals but also gain a competitive edge in attracting and retaining talent. It is hoped that these findings will serve as a foundation for future research and contribute to improving organizational performance in the realm of sustainability.این مطالعه با هدف بررسی تأثیر مدیریت منابع انسانی سبز (GHRM) بر جذابیت سازمانی، با در نظر گرفتن نقش میانجی عملکرد زیست‌محیطی و شهرت سازمانی و نقش تعدیل‌گر فرهنگ سبز، در شرکت پگاه گلستان انجام شد. از نظر هدف، پژوهش کاربردی و از نظر روش، توصیفی-پیمایشی بود. جامعه آماری شامل ۲۷۰ نفر از کارکنان شرکت بود که با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری ساختاری، ۱۵۹ نفر به‌عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند. داده‌ها با استفاده از پرسشنامه‌های استاندارد گردآوری و با نرم‌افزارهای SPSS و SmartPLS تحلیل شدند. نتایج نشان داد که مدیریت منابع انسانی سبز تأثیر مثبت و معناداری بر جذابیت سازمانی (β = 0.134)، عملکرد زیست‌محیطی (β = 0.780) و شهرت سازمانی (β = 0.327) دارد. همچنین، عملکرد زیست‌محیطی تأثیر مثبت و معناداری بر شهرت سازمانی (β = 0.509) و جذابیت سازمانی (β = 0.158) نشان داد و شهرت سازمانی نیز تأثیر مثبت و مستقلی بر جذابیت سازمانی (β = 0.406) داشت. فرهنگ سبز به‌عنوان متغیر تعدیل‌گر اثر مدیریت منابع انسانی سبز بر تمامی متغیرهای مورد بررسی را تقویت نمود. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهند که پیاده‌سازی سیاست‌های مدیریت منابع انسانی سبز، علاوه بر بهبود عملکرد زیست‌محیطی و شهرت سازمانی، به افزایش جذابیت سازمانی نیز کمک می‌کند. از منظر کاربردی، پژوهش توصیه می‌کند که مدیران با نهادینه‌سازی فرهنگ سبز و توسعه سیاست‌های منابع انسانی سبز، تصویری مسئولیت‌پذیر و پایدار از سازمان ارائه کنند تا از مزایای رقابتی ناشی از شهرت مثبت و جذابیت سازمان بهره‌مند شوند. محدودیت‌های مطالعه شامل محدودیت زمینه‌ای و استفاده از طراحی مقطعی است و پیشنهاد می‌شود در پژوهش‌های آینده از روش‌های طولی و بررسی متغیرهای تکمیلی استفاده شود تا نتایج قابل تعمیم‌تر و جامع‌تر شوند. این پژوهش می‌تواند راهنمای مفیدی برای سازمان‌ها و مدیران در تدوین سیاست‌های منابع انسانی سبز و بهبود عملکرد زیست‌محیطی و جذابیت سازمان باشد.دانشگاه بیرجندمطالعات مدیریت توسعه سبز2981-24025320260923Application of Artificial Intelligence in Urban Environmental Management: A Structured Review in Three Areas of Air Quality, Waste, and Energy Consumptionکاربرد هوش مصنوعی در مدیریت محیط زیست شهری: مرور ساختاریافته در سه حوزه کیفیت هوا، پسماند و مصرف انرژی378110.22077/jgdms.2025.9710.1322FAراحلهوالیزاده اردلاندانشجوی دکترای علوم و مهندسی محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران0000-0003-3367-3095جوادستودهدانشجوی دکترای علوم و مهندسی محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران0009-0007-8649-7677الهامیوسفیدانشیار گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران0000-0002-5396-6402Journal Article20250714IntroductionThe rapid growth of urbanization in recent decades has posed numerous environmental challenges for cities. Increasing urban populations, excessive resource consumption, high volumes of waste generation, and intensifying air pollution are among the most critical urban environmental issues. In this context, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative technology offering unparalleled capabilities for monitoring, analyzing, and managing complex environmental problems. Techniques such as machine learning and deep learning enable the identification of hidden patterns in large datasets, prediction of environmental trends, and provision of optimal solutions for resource management. Given the significance of this topic, the present study adopts a structured review approach to systematically examine and categorize published research on the application of AI in three key domains: air quality management, waste management, and energy consumption optimization in urban environments.MethodologyThis study employs a narrative systematic review approach to analyze research published between 2017 and 2025 across reputable scientific databases including Web of Science, Scopus, IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. The literature search was conducted using a set of carefully selected keywords such as “Artificial Intelligence,” “Machine Learning,” “Urban Environmental Management,” “Smart Cities,” “Air Quality Prediction,” “Waste Management,” and “Energy Optimization.”Inclusion criteria were established to focus on studies that apply AI techniques specifically within the three main domains of interest: air quality management, waste management, and energy consumption optimization in urban environments. Only peer-reviewed journal articles published in English were considered. Conference proceedings, non-urban studies, and articles without full-text access were excluded to maintain the quality and relevance of the review.Initially, 356 abstracts were screened for relevance. Following this, 100 articles were selected for detailed review, and ultimately, 55 full-text articles were thoroughly analyzed. Key data extracted from these studies included research objectives, AI methodologies employed, application areas, principal findings, challenges encountered, and identified limitations. The extracted data were qualitatively synthesized to identify emerging trends, gaps, and opportunities.The review methodology also incorporated a structured data extraction process, where information was systematically recorded in a predefined spreadsheet to ensure consistency and comprehensiveness. This process involved critical appraisal of the methodological rigor and relevance of each study, enabling a balanced assessment of the state of the art in AI applications for urban environmental management.By integrating qualitative and quantitative insights from diverse studies, the review provides a comprehensive understanding of how AI techniques such as machine learning algorithms (e.g., LSTM, Random Forest, CNN) are utilized to model, predict, and optimize environmental indicators and urban resource management. This approach facilitates the identification of best practices and highlights areas requiring further research and technological development.FindingThe systematic review revealed that machine learning and deep learning algorithms, particularly models such as LSTM, Random Forest, and CNN, play a significant role in monitoring and predicting environmental indicators, optimizing resources, and enhancing urban resilience. In the domain of air quality, machine learning models analyzing satellite, meteorological, and traffic data have substantially improved the accuracy of air pollution predictions (e.g., PM2.5, NO2). Studies indicate that leveraging secondary data and advanced models enhances classification and forecasting of air quality indices, providing effective tools for environmental decision-making. In waste management, computer vision and deep learning technologies have been utilized for identifying and separating recyclable materials, optimizing waste collection routes and schedules, and monitoring waste movement. These approaches have resulted in cost reductions, increased recycling rates, and decreased pollution. Regarding energy consumption management, AI analyzes energy usage data in buildings and cities to identify consumption patterns and offer optimization recommendations. Furthermore, machine learning models significantly aid in demand forecasting and managing smart energy grids, especially in integrating renewable energy sources. Additionally, predictive maintenance of equipment using AI prevents energy wastage and reduces additional costs.DiscussionThe findings of this study demonstrate that AI can markedly enhance the accuracy, efficiency, and speed of urban environmental monitoring and management. The use of advanced machine learning models facilitates the analysis of complex and large-scale data, supporting data-driven decision-making by urban managers. However, challenges such as dependence on high-quality data, implementation costs, model complexity, and limited interpretability of results must be addressed. Developing robust data infrastructures, improving explainable AI models, and fostering inter-organizational policy coordination are proposed solutions to overcome these challenges. Ultimately, integrating AI into urban environmental management plays a pivotal role in achieving sustainable development goals and shaping smart cities, thereby paving the way for more resilient and sustainable urban futures.با رشد شتابان شهرنشینی و تشدید چالش‌های زیست‌محیطی، بهره‌گیری از فناوری‌های نوین به‌ویژه هوش مصنوعی (AI) در مدیریت محیط زیست شهری به ضرورتی انکارناپذیر بدل شده است. این مطالعه با رویکرد مروری ساختاریافته، به تحلیل و طبقه‌بندی نظام‌مند مطالعات منتشرشده بین سال‌های ۲۰۱۷ تا ۲۰۲۵ پیرامون کاربرد هوش مصنوعی در سه حوزه کلیدی مدیریت کیفیت هوا، مدیریت پسماند، و بهینه‌سازی مصرف انرژی پرداخته است. جستجو در پایگاه‌های معتبر علمی و اعمال معیارهای دقیق ورود، منجر به انتخاب ۵۵ مقاله جهت تحلیل نهایی گردید. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که الگوریتم‌های یادگیری ماشین و یادگیری عمیق، به‌ویژه مدل‌هایی چون LSTM، Random Forest و CNN، توانسته‌اند در پایش و پیش‌بینی شاخص‌های زیست‌محیطی، بهینه‌سازی منابع، و ارتقای تاب‌آوری شهری عملکرد قابل توجهی از خود نشان دهند. در کنار مزایا، چالش‌هایی نظیر وابستگی به داده‌های باکیفیت، هزینه‌های پیاده‌سازی، پیچیدگی مدل‌ها و ضعف در تفسیرپذیری نیز شناسایی شد. در نهایت، با ارائه مجموعه‌ای از پیشنهادات در زمینه ارتقای زیرساخت‌های داده‌ای، توسعه مدل‌های تبیین‌پذیر و سیاست‌گذاری بین‌نهادی، این مقاله بر نقش محوری هوش مصنوعی در نیل به اهداف توسعه پایدار شهری و تحقق شهرهای هوشمند تأکید دارد.دانشگاه بیرجندمطالعات مدیریت توسعه سبز2981-24025320260923Unveiling Greenwashing: How Brand Identity Dimensions Influence Greenwashing Detection and Negative Word-of-Mouthتاثیر ابعاد هویت برند بر تشخیص سبزشویی و تبلیغات توصیه ای منفی378210.22077/jgdms.2025.8929.1264FAالمیراشفائیکارشناسی ارشد، گروه مدیریت، دانشگاه علوم اجتماعی و اقتصادی، دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران، ایرانمعصومهحسین زاده شهریدانشیار، گروه مدیریت، دانشگاه علوم اجتماعی و اقتصادی، دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران، ایران0000-0003-0945-6664نازیلانیاکاناستادیار، گروه مدیریت، دانشگاه مهر البرز، تهران، ایران0000-0002-1627-4415Journal Article20250211IntroductionEnvironmental awareness has increased dramatically in recent years. Consumers are increasingly concerned about the environmental impact of the products they buy, and they are looking for ways to reduce their environmental footprint. This has led to a rise in greenwashing, which is the practice of making false or misleading claims about the environmental benefits of a product or service.Greenwashing is a serious problem because it can mislead consumers and undermine genuine efforts to improve sustainability. Consumers who are not able to distinguish between genuine green products and greenwashed products may make purchasing decisions that are not truly environmentally friendly. This can lead to a loss of trust in companies and brands, and it can make it more difficult for companies that are genuinely committed to sustainability to compete.There are a number of things that consumers can do to protect themselves from greenwashing. First, it is important to be aware of the different types of greenwashing claims that companies make. Second, consumers should do their research to make sure that the products they are buying are truly environmentally friendly. Finally, consumers can support companies that are genuinely committed to sustainability by buying their products and telling their friends and family about them.Materials and methodsThe questionnaire questions are based on a five-point Likert scale. To assess the validity of the questionnaire, construct validity (external model), convergent validity (AVE), and divergent validity were used. To calculate reliability, composite reliability (CR) and Cronbach's alpha coefficient were calculated for each of the factors.To examine and describe the general characteristics of the respondents, descriptive statistical methods such as frequency distribution tables were used. Inferential statistical methods and the partial least squares technique were used to examine the research hypotheses. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 23 and Smart PLS statistical software.FindingsThis research investigates the influence of brand identity dimensions (including logo, color, background image, and standard label) on the detection of greenwashing and the generation of negative word-of-mouth (NWOM). The results indicate that all five hypotheses were supported. Specifically, the findings suggest that the detection of greenwashing has a significant positive impact on NWOM, implying that consumers who are more adept at recognizing greenwashing tactics are more likely to engage in negative word-of-mouth against the brand. Furthermore, it was observed that the logo, color, background image, and standard label of products all have a significant positive impact on the consumer's ability to detect greenwashing. In other words, these brand identity dimensions can aid consumers in identifying products that have been greenwashed.Discussion and ConclusionThis research demonstrates a significant positive correlation between the detection of greenwashing (consumer awareness of false environmental claims) and negative word-of-mouth (sharing negative experiences with others). In simpler terms, the more a consumer detects greenwashing in a product, the more likely they are to share their negative experience with others.Furthermore, various dimensions of brand identity, including logo, color, background image, and standard label, have a significant positive impact on a consumer's detection of greenwashing.Regarding logos, the research indicates that the type of logo and the level of brand recognition can influence a consumer's perception of a product's sustainability. Simple and natural logos convey a stronger sense of being eco-friendly, and consumers tend to trust well-known brands more. However, logos of lesser-known or unbranded products are more likely to be accused of greenwashing.As for color, nature-evoking colors like green and blue can assist in identifying green products, but they can also be used for greenwashing. Green has the strongest association with sustainability, but blue creates the greatest sense of greenwashing in consumers.Concerning background images, using natural images can enhance the perception of a product's greenness, but excessive use of these images without genuine green initiatives can be considered greenwashing. Images of tree leaves have the strongest association with sustainability, but images of flowers can evoke a sense of greenwashing on product labels.Regarding standard labels, the presence of standard and recycling labels on products creates a sense of sustainability in consumers and reduces the likelihood of greenwashing. However, a warning label is recognized as a primary factor in detecting greenwashing, and products without labels are more likely to be accused. In general, consumers trust standard and recycling labels and do not perceive them as deceptive.در دنیای امروز که آگاهی مصرف‌کنندگان نسبت به مسائل زیست‌محیطی رو به افزایش است، بسیاری از شرکت‌ها برای جذب مشتریان بیشتر، از ادعاهای سبز و پایدار استفاده می‌کنند. این ادعاها که اغلب به صورت نمادین و بصری از طریق عناصری مانند لوگو، رنگ، تصویر پس‌زمینه و برچسب‌های استاندارد منتقل می‌شوند، به عنوان ابزاری برای ایجاد یک هویت برند سبز به کار می‌روند. اما، متأسفانه، برخی از این شرکت‌ها با اغراق در ادعاهای خود، به پدیده ای به نام "سبزشویی" یا "گرین‌واشینگ" روی می‌آورند. سبزشویی به معنای استفاده گمراه‌کننده از اصطلاحات و نمادهای زیست‌محیطی برای ایجاد تصویری مثبت از یک محصول یا شرکت است، در حالی که در عمل تغییرات اساسی در جهت پایداری ایجاد نشده است. هدف اصلی این پژوهش، بررسی تأثیر ابعاد مختلف هویت برند (لوگو، رنگ، تصویر پس‌زمینه و برچسب استاندارد) بر تشخیص سبزشویی محصولات توسط مصرف‌کنندگان و در نهایت تأثیر این تشخیص بر تبلیغات توصیه‌ای منفی است. جامعه آماری پژوهش، مصرف‌کنندگان ساکن تهران هستند. با استفاده از پرسشنامه و تحلیل معادلات ساختاری، داده‌های جمع‌آوری شده از 384 نفر مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت.یافته‌های پژوهش نشان داد که لوگو، رنگ، برچسب استاندارد و تصویر پس‌زمینه محصولات تأثیر مثبتی بر تشخیص سبزشویی توسط مصرف‌کنندگان دارند. علاوه بر این، نتایج حاکی از آن است که تشخیص سبزشویی به طور مستقیم بر تبلیغات توصیه‌ای منفی تأثیرگذار است. به عبارت دیگر، اگر مصرف‌کنندگان یک محصول را سبزشویی تشخیص دهند، تمایل بیشتری به انجام تبلیغات توصیه‌ای منفی در مورد آن محصول خواهند داشت.بر اساس یافته‌های پژوهش شرکت‌ها می‌توانند با طراحی دقیق عناصر بصری برند خود، تشخیص سبزشویی محصولات را افزایش داده و در نتیجه، تبلیغات توصیه‌ای منفی را کاهش دهند.دانشگاه بیرجندمطالعات مدیریت توسعه سبز2981-24025320260923Driving Economic Sustainability: The Roles of Green Investment, Financial Development, and Digitalizationاثرات سرمایه‌گذاری سبز، توسعه مالی و دیجیتالی‌شدن بر پایداری اقتصادی382110.22077/jgdms.2025.9534.1344FAسید کمالصادقیاستاد، گروه توسعه اقتصادی و برنامه ریزی، دانشکده اقتصاد و مدیریت، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران0009-0009-1034-5321علیحسن نعمه السویعدیدانشجوی کارشناسی‌ارشد علوم اقتصادی، دانشکده اقتصاد و مدیریت، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران0009-0000-4353-2638Journal Article20250829Extended AbstractIntroduction Economic sustainability, as a pillar of sustainable development, encompasses the strengthening of economic foundations alongside environmental preservation and effective utilization of human resources. Achieving economic security involves access to sustainable livelihoods, beneficial employment, reliable financial resources, and environmentally compatible technologies. Understanding the determinants of this sustainability and proposing solutions for its realization—especially in developing countries—is of high importance. This study focuses on Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) countries from 2000 to 2021, examining the role of three key variables—green investment, financial development, and digitalization—in enhancing the economic sustainability index. Given environmental challenges, fossil energy consumption pressures, and opportunities arising from modern technologies, transitioning to a sustainable economy requires integrating financial policies, technological innovation, and environmentally friendly investments. Exploring these relationships can provide a roadmap for policymakers.Materials and MethodsThis study is quantitative-analytical in nature, covering MENA countries—including Iran, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Egypt, and others—during the 2000–2021 period. The statistical method used is quantile panel regression with the QARDL approach, which allows for examining relationships across different levels of the dependent variable’s distribution (quantiles) and analyzing nonlinear effects. Short- and long-term impacts of variables were assessed across quantiles 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 0.95. Data sources include the World Bank, encompassing trade, agriculture, renewable energy, bank credit, broad money, internet access, and more. Index construction, such as the Economic Sustainability (ES) index, was conducted using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) based on variables like trade, agricultural value added, forestry and fisheries, population growth, inflation, final consumption, and exports. Green Investment (GI) was measured using renewable energy consumption and the ratio of total energy use to GDP; Digitalization (DFI) through indicators like internet usage and mobile subscriptions; and Financial Development (FD) via domestic credit to the private sector and broad money. The QARDL method was selected due to non-normal data, outliers, and the need for analysis across multiple points in the dependent variable’s distribution.Before model estimation, the Levin, Lin & Chu (LLC) test confirmed stationarity of variables at level or first difference. The Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) test verified the absence of severe multicollinearity among independent variables. Given the Jarque-Bera normality test results indicating non-normality and outliers, quantile regression was justified over mean-based methods like OLS.Findings• Model estimates across quantiles (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 0.95) show that all independent variables have a positive and significant effect on the economic sustainability index, indicating robustness and reliability. The R² values range from 0.89 to 0.93 across quantiles, reflecting excellent model fit.• In the 0.95 quantile—representing countries with the highest economic sustainability—green investment has the greatest impact (coefficient: 0.648), followed by digitalization (0.233) and financial development (0.120).• This positive and significant pattern is consistent across all quantiles, suggesting that these relationships hold at various levels of economic sustainability, though the intensity of effects varies.Key Interpretations• Digitalization enhances productivity, improves financial infrastructure and transparency, and enables the development of modern trade and financial services.• Green investment reduces pollution and optimizes energy use, simultaneously promoting economic growth and environmental protection.• Financial development facilitates access to funding for innovative and green projects, serving as a key driver of economic sustainability.Discussion and ConclusionThe findings clearly demonstrate that policies promoting green investment, financial sector development, and accelerated digital transformation can synergistically play a decisive role in achieving economic sustainability in MENA countries. The study concludes that combining green investment, financial development, and digitalization not only improves economic sustainability but also offers a roadmap for developing countries to achieve sustainable development goals. Economically, increased investment in green infrastructure—such as renewable energy—leads to job creation, economic growth, pollution reduction, biodiversity preservation, and resource optimization. Digitalization boosts productivity, creates new job opportunities, and expands access to global markets, enhancing national competitiveness. Financial development supports sustainability by improving access to financial services and markets, facilitating funding for sustainable projects, and managing risks.Key Recommendations• Governments should offer financial incentives and supportive policies for green projects.• Digital infrastructure and modern technologies should be strengthened to ensure affordable and widespread access to services.• Financial markets should be developed, and innovative financing tools for environmentally friendly projects introduced.• Integrated policies that simultaneously strengthen all three factors can generate synergistic effects and accelerate progress toward Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).The study’s findings on the positive impact of green investment align with previous research, and its results regarding digitalization and financial development are consistent with similar studies. By focusing on the MENA region and employing advanced econometric methods, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of how modern economic factors interact to achieve sustainability.Keywords: Economic Sustainability, Green Investment, Financial Development, Digitalization, Quantile Regression (QARDL), MENA Countriesپایداری نظام اقتصادی مفهومی چندبعدی است که به تقویت ساختارهای اقتصادی و تحقق امنیت اقتصادی از طریق ایجاد معیشت پایدار، اشتغال مولد، استقرار نظام مالی کارآمد و توسعه فناوری‌های سازگار با محیط‌زیست اشاره دارد؛ امری که مستلزم بهره‌گیری مؤثر از سرمایه انسانی است. بنابراین درک عوامل تعیین‌‌کننده و ارائه راهکار جهت پایداری اقتصادی، مقوله‌ای مهم تلقی می‌‌گردد. بر این اساس، هدف از مطالعه حاضر، بررسی اثرات سرمایه‌گذاری سبز، توسعه مالی، دیجیتالی‌شدن بر پایداری اقتصادی با استفاده از رویکرد اقتصاد سنجی پانل کوانتایل (QARDL) طی دوره زمانی 2000-2021 در کشورهای خاورمیانه و شمال آفریقا می‌باشد. از ترکیب متغیرهای تجارت، کشاورزی، جنگلداری و ماهیگیری، ارزش افزوده، رشد جمعیت، نرخ تورم، مخارج مصارف نهایی و صادرات کالا و خدمات با بهره گیری از روش تجزیه و تحلیل مولفه های اصلی(PCA)، شاخص کلی پایداری اقتصادی استخراج شده است. یافته‌ها حاکی از آن است که در تمامی چندک‌های 25/0، 50/0، 75/0 و 95/0، سرمایه‌گذاری سبز، توسعه مالی، دیجیتالی‌شدن، تأثیر مثبت و معنی‌داری بر شاخص پایداری اقتصادی داشته است و نشان‌دهنده استحکام نتایج تحقیق است. در چندک 95/0 افزایش یک واحدی سرمایه‌گذاری سبز، توسعه مالی، دیجیتالی‌شدن به ترتیب موجب افزایش 648/0، 120/0 و 233/0 واحدی شاخص پایداری اقتصادی شده است و ضریب تاثیری گذاری سرمایه گذاری سبز بر شاخص پایداری اقتصادی در این چندک نسبت به سایر متغیرها بیشتر است. این یافته‌ها می‌تواند نقشه راهی برای کشورهای در حال توسعه ایجاد کند تا ازدیجیتالی شدن، سرمایه‌گذاری سبز و توسعه مالی در بخش‌های تولیدی برای دستیابی به اهداف توسعه پایدار استفاده نمایند.کلمات کلیدی: دیجیتالی‌شدن، توسعه مالی، سرمایه‌گذاری سبز، روش اقتصادسنجی کوانتایلدانشگاه بیرجندمطالعات مدیریت توسعه سبز2981-24025320260923Key Drivers of Green Human Resource Management: Identification and Prioritizationمحرک‌های کلیدی مدیریت منابع انسانی سبز: شناسایی و اولویت‌بندی382210.22077/jgdms.2025.9895.1336FAپیماناکبریاستادیار، گروه مدیریت دولتی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران ایران.0000-0003-4302-1867Journal Article20250807Background and Objective:The escalating global environmental crises—exemplified by climate change, resource depletion, and biodiversity loss—have compelled organizations to integrate sustainability into their core strategies. Within this paradigm, Green Human Resource Management (GHRM) has emerged as a critical lever for operationalizing environmental goals. GHRM systematically embeds ecological principles into HR functions, transforming recruitment, training, performance management, and reward systems to foster pro-environmental behaviors among employees (Renwick et al., 2013). Theoretically anchored in the Ability-Motivation-Opportunity (AMO) framework, GHRM enhances employees' environmental capabilities (through training), motivational drivers (via green incentives), and organizational enablers (through participatory platforms) (Tang et al., 2018). Concurrently, institutional pressures (e.g., regulatory compliance, stakeholder expectations) and resource-based perspectives position GHRM as a source of sustainable competitive advantage (Hart, 1995).Despite its global recognition, GHRM implementation faces significant challenges in emerging economies, particularly in Iran. The nation grapples with acute environmental stressors—including water scarcity, air pollution (ranked 6th globally in greenhouse gas emissions), and fossil-fuel dependency—amidst evolving regulatory frameworks like the National Waste Management Law and Vision 2040 (Shirvani & Filiz, 2019). Iranian organizations, however, lack contextualized models to prioritize GHRM drivers, leading to fragmented initiatives that fail to align with national sustainability targets. Prior studies identify isolated factors (e.g., green training, leadership commitment; Zare et al., 2022) but neglect their systemic interdependencies and contextual prioritization within Iran’s unique socio-ecological landscape.Methodology:This qualitative, applied-research study was conducted in 2023. The statistical population comprised management faculty experts in Kermanshah, Iran. Using purposeful snowball sampling until theoretical saturation was reached, 14 experts were selected. Data collection employed both library research and fieldwork (semi-structured interviews). Data analysis occurred in two phases: First, thematic analysis extracted 39 initial codes, later refined into 37 basic themes. Second, a three-round Delphi technique prioritized the final factors. Validity was confirmed through expert feedback, while reliability was established using Kendall’s coefficient of concordance (W).Findings:Thematic analysis identified five primary factors encompassing 19 components:1. Awareness & Education (environmental training, green career path development, green incentives)2. Participation & Collaboration (employee involvement, stakeholder engagement, internal communications)3. Culture & Leadership (green organizational culture, committed leadership, corporate social responsibility)4. Technology & Evaluation (green technologies, environmental impact assessment, risk management)5. Policies & Procedures (formal green policies, sustainable recruitment practices, regulatory compliance)Final Delphi results (Kendall’s W = 0.875, p < 0.001) revealed the following priority ranking:6. Awareness & Education (mean rank: 4.65)7. Participation & Collaboration (4.63)8. Culture & Leadership (4.61)9. Technology & Evaluation (4.52)10. Policies & Procedures (4.21)Conclusion:This research provides a systematic, evidence-based framework for identifying and prioritizing factors influencing Green Human Resource Management (GHRM) strategy within Iranian organizations. The findings not only address existing theoretical and methodological gaps but also offer operational pathways for institutionalizing sustainability in Iranian contexts. Below, the key implications are elaborated across theoretical, practical, and policy dimensions:1. Theoretical Implications:• Integration of Theoretical Frameworks: By synthesizing the Ability-Motivation-Opportunity (AMO) framework, Resource-Based View (RBV), and Institutional Theory, this study develops an integrated model for analyzing GHRM in non-Western contexts. Results demonstrate that GHRM factors in Iran are not merely technical tools but operate through complex interactions with institutional structures, organizational culture, and human capital capacities.• Contextualized Prioritization: The identification of Awareness & Education as the top priority (mean rank: 4.65) reinforces the AMO framework while revealing that in societies with low environmental awareness (e.g., Iran), cognitive empowerment of employees is the foundational prerequisite for GHRM success. This finding challenges Tang et al.’s (2018) assertion that "motivation is the core of GHRM," demonstrating that in emerging economies, foundational capabilities (training) precede higher-order incentives (rewards).• Mediating Role of Culture & Leadership: The third-place ranking of Culture & Leadership (4.61) underscores the importance of organizational "soft infrastructure" and clarifies the nexus between Institutional Theory (external pressures) and Social Exchange Theory (mutual organizational-employee support). This empirically validates Shafaei et al.’s (2020) claims about "leadership commitment as a GHRM prerequisite" within Iran’s context.2. Practical Implications:• Operational Roadmap for Organizations: The prioritized hierarchy provides an evidence-based guide for resource allocation:• Step 1 (Immediate): Design targeted training programs (water/energy conservation workshops, SDG-focused e-learning) in collaboration with governmental bodies (e.g., Department of Environment).• Step 2 (Short-term): Establish employee participation platforms (green committees, ecological suggestion systems) and stakeholder collaborations (suppliers, local communities).• Step 3 (Medium-term): Institutionalize green culture through leadership (integrating GHRM metrics into managerial evaluations) and non-monetary rewards ("Green Employee" certification).• Step 4 (Long-term): Invest in monitoring technologies (smart waste management systems) and policy revisions (embedding sustainability criteria in recruitment protocols).• Contextualized Model: Unlike Western models emphasizing "top-down policymaking," results reveal that in Iran, foundational education and employee participation constitute GHRM’s cornerstone. Organizations must prioritize "human capacity building" before implementing complex policies.3. Policy Implications:• Alignment with National Frameworks: Findings directly align with Iran’s strategic documents, including Vision 2040 (targeting 50% GHG reduction) and the Waste Management Law (mandating 70% waste recycling). Recommendations include:• Governmental bodies (e.g., Ministry of Labor) should adopt GHRM training as an evaluation criterion for certified organizations (ISO 14001).• Regulatory agencies (e.g., Environmental Protection Organization) should establish financial incentives for companies implementing employee green education programs.• Model for Emerging Economies: This study demonstrates that in countries with severe environmental pressures but weak institutional infrastructure, GHRM must initiate through decentralized actions (training, participation) to drive systemic changes (policymaking, technology). This model offers practical insights for similar contexts (e.g., Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan).در چشم‌انداز کسب‌وکارهای امروزی، پیاده‌سازی استراتژی‌های مدیریت منابع انسانی سبز به یک مزیت رقابتی ضروری تبدیل شده است؛ اجرای مؤثر این استراتژی‌ها اما نیازمند درک روشنی از مهم‌ترین عوامل مؤثر بر آن است. از این رو، هدف پژوهش حاضر، شناسایی و رتبه‌بندی این عوامل می‌باشد. این پژوهش از نظر هدف، کاربردی و از نظر شیوه اجرا، کیفی است. جامعه آماری آن شامل اساتید خبره دانشگاهی در رشته مدیریت بود که با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری گلوله‌برفی هدفمند و تا رسیدن به اشباع نظری، ۱۴ نفر به عنوان نمونه نهایی انتخاب شدند. داده‌های مورد نیاز نیز از طریق روش‌های کتابخانه‌ای (برای مبانی نظری) و میدانی (مصاحبه با خبرگان) جمع‌آوری شد. تحلیل داده‌ها با رویکردی ترکیبی در دو مرحله انجام شد. در مرحله کیفی، با استفاده از تحلیل مضمون روی مصاحبه‌ها و متون علمی، شاخص‌های اولیه استخراج شد. سپس، این شاخص‌ها در یک فرآیند دلفی سه‌مرحله‌ای به خبرگان ارائه شد. این فرآیند با هدف دستیابی به اجماع نظر، ضمن تأمین روایی محتوایی (از طریق استفاده از خبرگان) و روایی سازه (از طریق فرآیند بازخورد و تکرار)، اجرا گردید. برای سنجش پایایی و میزان توافق در هر مرحله، از ضریب کندال استفاده شد. در نهایت، شاخص‌های مورد توافق نهایی بر اساس میانگین امتیازاتشان رتبه‌بندی شدند. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان داد که ۱۹ شاخص در پنج بعد اصلی، بر اساس میانگین امتیازات به ترتیب اولویت عبارتند از: آگاهی و آموزش، مشارکت و همکاری، فرهنگ و رهبری، فناوری و ارزیابی و در نهایت سیاست‌ها و رویه‌ها. توجه به این عوامل و مؤلفه‌های مرتبط می‌تواند به تقویت استراتژی مدیریت منابع انسانی سبز در سازمان‌ها کمک کند.دانشگاه بیرجندمطالعات مدیریت توسعه سبز2981-24025320260923Drivers of Sustainable Digital Transformation: A Moderated Mediation Model of Digital Dynamic Capabilities and Environmental Uncertaintyمحرک‌های تحول دیجیتال پایدار: یک مدل میانجیگری تعدیل‌شده از قابلیت‌های پویای دیجیتال و عدم قطعیت محیطی382410.22077/jgdms.2025.10169.1359FAرضاجدیدالاسلامگروه مدیریت، دانشگاه خاتم، تهران، ایرانسونابایرام زادهگروه مدیریت، دانشکده مدیریت و مالی، دانشگاه خاتم، تهران، ایران0000-0001-6508-9593فاطمهکریمی جعفریگروه مدیریت، دانشکده مدیریت و مالی، دانشگاه خاتم، تهران، ایران0000-0002-8385-4225Journal Article20250930IntroductionDigital transformation has emerged as a critical driver for organizational competitiveness and sustainability in contemporary business environments. As organizations face rapid technological evolution and increasing market dynamism, the strategic thinking of managers plays a pivotal role in guiding digital initiatives and leveraging organizational resources effectively. Despite extensive literature on digital transformation, there remains a gap in understanding how managerial strategic thinking influences sustainable digital transformation through dynamic digital capabilities and organizational absorptive capacity. Additionally, environmental uncertainty is hypothesized to moderate these relationships, yet empirical evidence on its actual impact remains inconclusive. The current study aims to investigate the direct and indirect effects of managers’ strategic thinking on sustainable digital transformation, mediated by dynamic digital capabilities and organizational absorptive capacity, while also assessing the moderating role of environmental uncertainty. By addressing these questions, this research contributes to both theoretical advancements in digital transformation literature and practical insights for organizations navigating complex and uncertain environments.MethodologyThe study employed a quantitative research design, collecting data through structured questionnaires administered to organizational employees and managers. A total of 119 responses were received, with a gender distribution of 66.7% male and 33.3% female participants. The majority of respondents (52.6%) were aged between 25 and 34 years, and 57% held postgraduate degrees. Data analysis was conducted in two stages: descriptive statistics to summarize respondent characteristics and inferential statistics to test the proposed hypotheses. Descriptive analyses, including frequencies, percentages, and demographic distributions, were performed using SPSS version 26 to ensure data quality and initial exploration. For hypothesis testing and structural model evaluation, SmartPLS version 4 was applied to perform Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), adopting the variance-based approach to examine both the measurement and structural models. The measurement model was assessed for reliability and validity using Cronbach’s alpha, composite reliability (CR), average variance extracted (AVE), and factor loadings, ensuring convergent and discriminant validity. For discriminant validity, the Heterotrait-Monotrait (HTMT) ratio criterion was applied. Structural model evaluation included the assessment of path coefficients, significance levels (t-statistics and p-values), coefficient of determination (R²), predictive relevance (Q²), and overall model fit using the standardized root mean square residual (SRMR).FindingsThe measurement model results demonstrated adequate reliability and validity across all constructs. Factor loadings for all indicators exceeded the recommended threshold of 0.6, indicating strong convergent validity. Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability values ranged from 0.797 to 0.940 and 0.863 to 0.951, respectively, while AVE values were all above 0.5, confirming internal consistency and convergent validity. Most HTMT values were below the 0.85 threshold, indicating adequate discriminant validity among constructs. However, the HTMT value between Digital Dynamic Capabilities and Sustainable Digital Transformation was 0.922, exceeding the threshold and suggesting a lack of discriminant validity between these two constructs. Structural model analysis revealed that most hypothesized paths were statistically significant. Managers’ strategic thinking positively influenced organizational absorptive capacity (β = 0.264, t = 3.012, p = 0.003) and dynamic digital capabilities (β = 0.469, t = 6.474, p = 0.003). Organizational absorptive capacity also significantly impacted sustainable digital transformation (β = 0.184, t = 2.575, p = 0.010), while dynamic digital capabilities exhibited a strong positive effect on sustainable digital transformation (β = 0.709, t = 11.926, p < 0.001). Mediation analysis indicated that dynamic digital capabilities partially mediated the relationship between strategic thinking and sustainable digital transformation, as well as between absorptive capacity and sustainable digital transformation. However, the moderating effect of environmental uncertainty on the relationship between dynamic digital capabilities and sustainable digital transformation was not supported (β = -0.033, t = 0.627, p = 0.531), and the direct effect of environmental uncertainty on sustainable digital transformation was non-significant (β = -0.001, t = 0.025, p = 0.980). Model explanatory power was confirmed with R² values of 0.070 for absorptive capacity, 0.538 for dynamic digital capabilities, and 0.687 for sustainable digital transformation, indicating moderate to substantial predictive relevance. Predictive relevance (Q²) values for all endogenous constructs were above zero (absorptive capacity = 0.047, dynamic digital capabilities = 0.0323, sustainable digital transformation = 0.247), confirming model quality. The SRMR value of 0.083 indicated an acceptable model fit according to established PLS-SEM criteria.Discussion and ConclusionThe findings highlight the critical role of managers’ strategic thinking in fostering both organizational absorptive capacity and dynamic digital capabilities, which in turn drive sustainable digital transformation. This suggests that organizations seeking to achieve long-term digital success should prioritize strategic leadership development and invest in enhancing both knowledge absorption mechanisms and dynamic digital capabilities. The mediating role of dynamic digital capabilities underscores the importance of leveraging technology-based competencies to translate strategic intent into tangible digital transformation outcomes. Conversely, the non-significant moderating effect of environmental uncertainty indicates that, in this study context, managerial strategic thinking and organizational capabilities may buffer or outweigh external uncertainties in shaping digital transformation success. Theoretical implications include refining models of digital transformation by incorporating both managerial cognition and dynamic capabilities, while practical implications emphasize actionable strategies for enhancing absorptive capacity and digital agility within organizations. Overall, the study contributes to a more nuanced understanding of how internal organizational resources and managerial cognition jointly facilitate sustainable digital transformation, providing guidance for both scholars and practitioners in complex and rapidly evolving business environments. Future research could extend this model by exploring sector-specific contingencies, longitudinal effects, and alternative moderating factors to further validate the robustness of these relationships.صنعت دارو به عنوان صنعتی کلیدی در نظام سلامت، به منظور پاسخگویی به فشارهای فزاینده رقابتی و اجتماعی، ناچار به اتکا بر فناوری‌های نوین در راستای توسعه مزیت رقابتی پایدار است. هدف اصلی تحقیق حاضر بررسی عوامل موثر بر تحول دیجیتال پایدار در این صنعت است. این تحقیق از نظر هدف کاربردی و از منظر جمع‌آوری داده‌ها، توصیفی-پیمایشی محسوب می‌شود. داده‌ها از طریق یک پرسشنامه استاندارد از نمونه‌ای شامل 119 نفر از مدیران یک شرکت دارویی جمع‌آوری گردید. به منظور تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها و آزمون فرضیه‌ها، مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری مبتنی بر واریانس و نرم‌افزار اسمارت پی‌ال‌اس مورد کاربرد قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها نشان داد که تفکر استراتژیک و ظرفیت جذب، هر دو تأثیر مثبت و معناداری بر قابلیت‌های پویای دیجیتال دارند. همچنین، تأثیر قابلیت‌های پویای دیجیتال بر تحول دیجیتال پایدار، از نظر آماری بسیار قوی و معنادار بود. نتایج تحلیل میانجیگری تأیید کرد که قابلیت‌های پویای دیجیتال به عنوان یک میانجی کامل، تأثیر ظرفیت جذب بر تحول دیجیتال پایدار را میانجیگری می‌کند. با این حال، فرضیه مربوط به نقش تعدیل‌گر عدم قطعیت محیطی، مورد تایید قرار نگرفت. پژوهش حاضر از چند جنبه در توسعه ادبیات نظری تاثیرگذار است. از جمله اینکه برای اولین بار تاثیر تفکر استراتژیک، ظرفیت جذب سازمان و همچنین نقش میانجی قابلیت‌های پویای دیجیتال در تحول دیجیتال پایدار مورد بررسی و تایید قرار گرفته است. از لحاظ کاربردی، نتایج نشان می‌دهد که برای دستیابی به تحول دیجیتال پایدار، تمرکز بر توانمندسازی درونی سازمان از اتکا به عوامل محیطی خارجی مهم‌تر است.دانشگاه بیرجندمطالعات مدیریت توسعه سبز2981-24025320260923Developing a Comprehensive Model of Employee Green Behavior: A Meta-Synthesis Approachطراحی و تبیین الگوی جامع رفتار سبز کارکنان؛ رویکرد فراترکیب384810.22077/jgdms.2025.9311.1300FAروح الهنوریدانشیار،مدیریت منابع انسانی، مدیریت، خوارزمی، تهران، ایران0000-0003-2453-4683یوسفوکیلیاستادیار، مدیریت منابع انسانی، مدیریت، خوارزمی، تهران، ایران0000-0003-3047-4760اکبرحسن پوردانشیار، مدیریت منابع انسانی، مدیریت، خوارزمی، تهران، ایران0000-0001-7947-1291محمودسبزیدانشجوی دکترا، مدیریت منابع انسانی، مدیریت، خوارزمی، تهران، ایران0009-0009-0599-1556Journal Article20250430IntroductionOver recent decades, escalating environmental crises—spanning climate change, biodiversity loss, air and water pollution—have inflicted profound and often irreversible damage on the planet’s ecosystems. These challenges are largely rooted in materialistic worldviews, unbridled industrial development, and a weakening recognition of the interdependent relationship between humans and nature. In developing countries such as Iran, environmental degradation is increasingly acute, manifesting in land degradation, water resource mismanagement, and significant economic losses estimated in the billions annually.Amid these conditions, the behavior of individuals within organizations—particularly regarding energy consumption, resource utilization, and sustainable practices—has emerged as a critical lever for reducing environmental harm. The concept of Employee Green Behavior (EGB) has therefore gained traction, encompassing both voluntary and policy-driven actions undertaken by employees to support environmental sustainability in their workplace. These behaviors range from energy conservation and recycling to promoting sustainability among peers and participating in eco-initiatives. While organizations may formally adopt environmental policies, the actualization of green behavior depends heavily on organizational culture, leadership, personal motivation, and contextual stimuli.Despite increasing scholarly attention, the literature remains fragmented. Many studies have either focused narrowly on specific organizational initiatives or explored EGB through quantitative lenses, neglecting a comprehensive view of the interrelations among individual, organizational, and contextual determinants. This study addresses this gap by conducting a meta-synthesis of qualitative research to propose an integrated conceptual framework for understanding EGB. The goal is to identify foundational drivers, behavioral mechanisms, and outcomes, offering a systems-based model that informs both theory and practice.This study aims to synthesize existing qualitative findings to answer the central question: What are the core components and mechanisms of Employee Green Behavior, and how do they interact to produce multi-level outcomes? Through this, it seeks to (1) develop a comprehensive framework for EGB, (2) highlight the interconnections between antecedents, processes, and consequences, and (3) generate practical insights for fostering sustainable behavior in organizational settings.MethodologyThis research adopts a qualitative-applied methodology using the meta-synthesis approach. Meta-synthesis enables the integration of conceptual insights from existing qualitative studies to derive new theoretical understandings that transcend individual study limitations. An inductive process was followed, with the research conducted in five structured phases:1. Research Question Definition: The study was guided by the core inquiry into the components and dynamics of EGB. It defined boundaries including employee-level behaviors, publication years (2000–2023), and thematic relevance.2. Systematic Literature Search: Databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, Taylor & Francis, Wiley, and Iranian academic portals were queried using keywords like “Employee Green Behavior” and its Persian equivalent.3. Screening and Selection: From the initial pool, 59 articles were excluded due to irrelevance at the title, abstract, or full-text levels. The remaining 16 articles underwent quality assessment via the Critical Skills Appraisal Program. Four were eliminated due to insufficient methodological rigor, resulting in a final sample of 12 high-quality qualitative studies.4. Data Extraction and Analysis: Key data (author, method, themes) were extracted, and content analysis was conducted using MAXQDA 2022. Meaningful units were coded and clustered into higher-order categories.5. Quality Assurance: Validity was maintained through rigorous source selection. Inter-coder reliability was tested using Cohen’s Kappa (κ = 0.832), and agreement was statistically significant (p < 0.05), confirming high coding consistency.FindingsThe analysis yielded a comprehensive EGB framework comprising three main dimensions: Inputs, Processes, and Outcomes.1. Inputs (Antecedent Factors):o Individual Factors: Environmental values, personal responsibility, and sustainability awarenesso Situational Factors: Organizational culture, physical workspace, leadership supporto Green HRM Practices: Training programs, performance evaluation, eco-incentive systems2. Processes (Behavioral Mechanisms):o Motivation (both intrinsic and extrinsic) and capability to acto Perception of one’s role in sustainability and formation of behavioral intentionso Appraisal of environmental opportunities and challengeso Actions aimed at protection and harm avoidanceo Peer modeling and voluntary engagemento Behavioral reinforcement and habit formation for sustainable practices3. Outcomes (Impact Levels):o Individual Level: Development of eco-skills, job satisfaction, green identityo Team Level: Collaboration, collective efficacy in environmental initiativeso Organizational Level: Institutionalization of green culture and improved environmental performanceo Societal Level: Diffusion of sustainability norms and contribution to ecological well-beingThe framework consists of 17 conceptual dimensions derived from 64 primary codes. It highlights how antecedents drive behavioral mechanisms, which in turn lead to tangible and intangible outcomes at multiple levels, thus offering a dynamic systems-based understanding of EGB.Discussion and ConclusionThe developed model advances theoretical understanding by integrating diverse perspectives into a unified system. It is grounded in theories such as the person-environment fit model, self-determination theory, and behavioral performance models. Key contributions include:• Recognizing the dual role of both formal systems (e.g., green HR practices) and informal forces (e.g., peer influence) in shaping EGB• Identifying critical mediators like motivation types (autonomous vs. controlled), organizational capabilities, and leadership engagement• Providing a structure for analyzing the recursive nature of green behavior and its feedback into organizational learning and transformationFor practitioners, the model offers actionable guidance:• Develop integrated HR strategies that include green training, behavioral rewards, and environmental KPIs• Foster a culture of sustainability through leadership commitment, green team initiatives, and visible role models• Create opportunities for voluntary green actions, moving beyond policy mandates toward behavioral internalizationFor policymakers:• Establish national or industry-level EGB certifications• Fund partnerships between firms and environmental NGOs for norm diffusion• Design behavioral nudges tailored to cultural contextsWhile meta-synthesis provides rich insights, limitations include potential selection bias, limited empirical generalizability, and underexplored cultural moderators. Future studies should:• Test the framework empirically across industries and organizational sizes• Investigate digital technologies as facilitators of green behavior (e.g., eco-feedback systems)• Conduct longitudinal studies to explore long-term sustainability of EGB• Explore cross-cultural applications of the framework in diverse contextsThis study contributes a comprehensive, systems-based model of Employee Green Behavior that integrates individual, organizational, and societal dimensions. By synthesizing fragmented qualitative evidence, it enhances theoretical clarity and provides a robust foundation for practice. Implementation requires alignment between leadership intent, organizational infrastructure, and employee engagement. As environmental urgency grows, fostering EGB is not just desirable but imperative for organizational and planetary sustainability.با توجه وضعیت محیط زیست جهان، هدف از انجام این پژوهش طراحی الگویی جامع برای رفتار سبز کارکنان است. این پژوهش از نظر هدف، کاربردی است و به صورت کیفی انجام شده است و با به‌کارگیری روش فراترکیب از طریق فرایند هفت مرحله‌ای ساندوسکی و باروسو، پس از بررسی اولیه 81 مقاله، 12 مقاله نهایی وارد فرایند فراترکیب و الگوی جامع برای رفتار سبز کارکنان تعیین شد. چارچوب نهایی شامل 3 مقوله، 17 مفهوم و 64 کد بود. مقولات شامل عوامل ورودی، فرایند و پیامدها و مفاهیم شامل عوامل فردی، عوامل موقعیتی، رویه‌های منابع انسانی سبز، انگیزش، توانایی، ادراک از نقش، نیت/قصد، فرصت/چالش، حفاظت، اجتناب از آسیب، تأثیرگذاری در دیگران، ابتکار عمل، اصلاح رفتار و رفتار پایدار، سطح فردی، سطح گروهی/تیمی، سطح سازمانی و سطح اجتماعی بودند. این چارچوب، مشابه مدل چندسطحی نورتون و همکاران (2015)، با الهام از تعامل فرد-محیط، عملکرد شغلی و نظریه خودتعیین‌گری طراحی شده و فرایندی پویا را ترسیم می‌کند که در آن عوامل ورودی از طریق سازوکارهای فرایندی به پیامدها منجر شده و عوامل فرایندی و پیامدها به‌صورت بازخوردی بر ورودی‌ها اثر می‌گذارند. این ساختار نه‌تنها عوامل شکل‌دهنده رفتار سبز را تبیین می‌کند، بلکه با تمایز بین رفتارهای اجباری و داوطلبانه، درک عمیقی از پویایی‌های این رفتار در سازمان‌ها ارائه می‌دهد.دانشگاه بیرجندمطالعات مدیریت توسعه سبز2981-24025320260923Navigating the Successful Implementation of Green Curricula in Primary Education: Insights from Educatorsپیمایش اجرای موفقیت‌آمیز برنامه‌های درسی سبز در آموزش و پرورش ابتدایی: بینش‌هایی از مدیران و معلمان385110.22077/jgdms.2025.9802.1329FAهادیبراتیاستادیار گروه علوم تربیتی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران0000-0002-9677-4224وحیدرحیم کریمیکارشناسی ارشد برنامه‌ریزی درسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، فردوس، ایرانJournal Article20250722AbstractIntroduction: Today, the world faces various environmental hazards as a result of unsustainable human activities, prompting communities to search for effective solutions to manage and overcome these challenges. Schools, as key social institutions, can play a significant role in reducing environmental risks through green education—particularly via the green curriculum. The present research aimed to identify and analyze the factors contributing to the successful implementation of the green curriculum from the perspective of elementary school administrators and teachers in Bashruyeh city.Materials and Methods: This applied research employed a qualitative method using thematic analysis. The research population consisted of all elementary school administrators and teachers in Bashruyeh during the 2024-2025 academic year. Based on the principle of theoretical saturation and purposive sampling, 18 participants were selected. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, which continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. To ensure the validity of the measurement tool, the coder agreement method was utilized, resulting in an agreement coefficient of 82.93%.Findings: The analysis of the interviews resulted in the identification of 99 open codes, 22 axial codes, and 6 selective codes as the main components of the green curriculum. First, the "understanding of environmental concepts" was identified as the foundation of environmental literacy. Participant (1) stated: "Students must become familiar with basic concepts such as air pollution, natural resource degradation, and the importance of environmental preservation to develop a correct understanding of their surroundings." This highlights the critical role of fundamental scientific education in establishing a strong base for environmental comprehension, as weaknesses in this area can undermine other educational initiatives.The second factor, "enhancing environmental competencies," emphasized the teaching of practical skills, including waste separation, recycling, and conservation. Participant (5) remarked: "When I discussed water and soil pollution, some students realized for the first time how household waste leads to fish deaths in the river." This illustrates that the practical training of environmental skills deepens students’ learning and heightens their behavioral sensitivity.The third factor involved the "integration of environmental education within the formal curriculum." Participant (7) shared: "I tried to incorporate environmental education into math and science lessons; for example, we practiced counting the number of trees and waste items." Such interdisciplinary, project-based approaches significantly facilitate active learning and enhance students’ in-depth understanding of environmental issues. In addition, participant (11) noted: "There isn't a specific time allocated for environmental education in the curriculum, but I dedicate part of the class time to these topics because they are vital for the children's future." This participatory teaching approach stimulates enthusiasm and motivation among students.The fourth factor, "family-school interaction," supports alignment between learning environments. Participant (5) stated: "I asked parents to continue the school's environmental activities at home. Some children said their parents joined them." Likewise, participant (3) added: "During the school's tree-planting program, children eagerly planted saplings, and some said it was their first time doing such an activity." This synergy strengthens positive environmental attitudes and behaviors in students and highlights the importance of family feedback.The fifth factor, "nurturing environmental ethics and responsibility," encompasses emotional and ethical dimensions beyond knowledge and skills. Participant (13) emphasized: "I told the children that animals are living beings with feelings; they must learn to be kind to animals." Similarly, participant (8) recounted: "One student shared that after throwing trash into the river, they felt bad and decided never to do it again." These examples underscore the significance of internalizing ethical responsibility and environmental conscience as foundations for sustainable behavior. The sixth factor, "embedding environmental attitudes," is fostered through cultivating a positive and critical perspective toward nature. Participant (10) described: "When we discussed global warming, students began asking questions about their role in the phenomenon." Participant (12) also remarked: "One student suggested using scrap paper to make decorative crafts to reduce waste." These instances indicate that positive, creative attitudes combined with critical thinking skills can facilitate shifts in perceptions and habitual behaviors. The seventh factor, "developing critical and sustainable insight," focuses on empowering students to critically analyze environmental issues. Participant (11) explained: "During nature trips, I emphasize that they should not harm branches, stones, or animals; such actions affect living things." Participant (7) added: "In class, I assigned each student responsibilities, such as caring for a plant pot, which fostered a stronger sense of belonging to nature." These evidences show that responsibility and role assignment transform mere awareness into tangible action. The eighth and final factor, "strengthening responsible environmental behaviors," was articulated by participant (9): "In the school project, children brought photos of waste separation at home and reported that their families participated as well." Participant (15) stated: "Some students decided to walk to school or ride bicycles and said they felt more energetic." These examples highlight the importance of repeated behavioral practice and collective modeling, showing that feedback and environmental support are essential to reinforcing sustainable environmental behaviors. In summary, this study demonstrates that the successful implementation of the green curriculum requires a comprehensive, multifaceted approach integrating scientific knowledge, attitudes, skills, ethics, and behaviors harmoniously. The pivotal role of administrators and teachers in integrating content and employing participatory methods, alongside effective family-school collaboration, is emphasized to institutionalize green values and practices. Additionally, fostering critical insight and enabling students to make informed decisions is essential for the durability of environmental education impacts. This research provides a contextualized theoretical and practical framework serving as guidance for policymakers, curriculum planners, and environmental education practitioners in elementary schools. It is recommended that the development of specialized teacher training programs, provision of localized educational resources, and establishment of participatory mechanisms with families and communities be prioritized to ensure the sustainability of green curriculum outcomes.Discussion and Conclusion: The results of this study highlight that from the perspective of elementary administrators and teachers, the successful implementation of the green curriculum requires attention to multidimensional educational, attitudinal, and behavioral components. Emphasizing localization, participatory planning, and close collaboration between families and schools can strengthen the effectiveness of green educational programs. Policymakers and educational planners can utilize these findings to design and implement more effective and sustainable green curriculums in elementary education.امروزه جهان در اثر فعالیت‌های غیراستاندارد بشر، با مخاطرات زیست‌محیطی مختلفی مواجه است و جوامع مختلف ناگزیر به پیدا کردن راهکارهایی برای مدیریت و مرتفع نمودن آن هستند. یکی از نهادهای اجتماعی قابل‌توجه در هر جامعه، مدارس هستند که از طریق آموزش سبز به‌طور عام و برنامه درسی سبز به‌طور خاص، می‌تواند نقش بسزایی در کاهش مخاطرات زیست‌محیطی ایفا کنند. ازاین‌رو، پژوهش حاضر؛ باهدف شناسایی و تحلیل عوامل مؤثر در اجرای موفق برنامه درسی از دیدگاه مدیران و معلمان دوره ابتدایی شهرستان بشرویه انجام شد. این پژوهش، ازنظر هدف کاربردی که با رویکرد کیفی و روش تحلیل مضمون انجام شد. قلمرو پژوهش حاضر، شامل کلیه مدیران و معلمان دوره ابتدایی آموزش‌وپرورش شهرستان بشرویه در سال تحصیلی ۱۴۰4-1403 بود که با استفاده از قاعده اشباع نظری و روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند 18 نفر به‌عنوان مشارکت‌کننده انتخاب شدند. در این پژوهش، به‌منظور جمع‌آوری داده‌ها از روش مصاحبه نیمه ساختاریافته استفاده شد و فرایند انجام مصاحبه‌ها تا اشباع نظری ادامه یافت. به‌منظور اطمینان از خصیصه روایی ابزار اندازه‌گیری از روش توافق کدگذاران استفاده شد و مقدار ضریب توافق (93/82) درصد گزارش شد. نتایج حاصل از تجزیه‌وتحلیل مصاحبه‌های انجام‌شده بیانگر این است که مؤلفه‌های اصلی برنامه درسی سبز از دیدگاه مدیران و معلمان دوره ابتدایی شهرستان بشرویه را می‌توان در قالب 99 کدباز، 22 کد محوری و 6 انتخابی (ارتقای شایستگی زیست‌محیطی، ادغام آموزش زیست‌محیطی در برنامه درسی، برنامه‌ریزی آموزشی سبز با رویکرد مشارکتی، توسعه بینش انتقادی و پایدار، نهادینه‌سازی نگرش زیست محیطی، تقویت رفتارهای مسئولانه زیست محیطی، پرورش اخلاق و مسئولیت زیست‌محیطی و تعامل خانواده و مدرسه در آموزش محیط زیست) طبقه‌بندی کرد.دانشگاه بیرجندمطالعات مدیریت توسعه سبز2981-24025320260923Presenting an Energy Management Strategy Map in Food Industry Unitsارائه نقشه راهبردی مدیریت انرژی در واحدهای صنایع غذایی390410.22077/jgdms.2026.10297.1371FAمهدیاصل آذر نژاد سردرودگروه مدیریت صنعتی، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران0009-0006-3401-8497هوشنگتقی زادهگروه مدیریت صنعتی، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران0009-0006-3401-8497سلیمانایران زادهگروه مدیریت صنعتی، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران.Journal Article20251020IntroductionThe present study was conducted with the aim of developing a strategic map for energy management in food industry units in East Azerbaijan Province. In terms of purpose, the study is applied–developmental, and with respect to the data collection method and time horizon, it is non-experimental, descriptive–survey, and cross-sectional. The research design followed an exploratory mixed-methods approach (qualitative–quantitative). The statistical population consisted of managers, technical experts, and officials of active production units in the food industry of East Azerbaijan Province. Using purposive snowball sampling, 20 qualified experts were selected. In the qualitative phase, data were collected through interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis to extract the factors influencing energy management, with the interview process continuing until theoretical saturation was achieved. In the quantitative phase, SWOT analysis, the SWARA method, and the Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix were employed to analyze and prioritize strategies. The results derived from the Internal and External Factors Evaluation Matrices indicated that the strategic position of energy management in food industry units of East Azerbaijan Province lies in the conservative quadrant, meaning that these units should maximize the use of environmental opportunities by reducing internal weaknesses. Accordingly, five restructuring strategies—“Green Budget,” “Green Knowledge and Capability,” “Smart Infrastructure,” “Technological Synergy,” and “Green Motivation”—were formulated. The results of quantitative prioritization showed that the “Green Budget” strategy, with a score of 7.333, had the highest strategic importance. This was followed by “Green Knowledge and Capability” with a score of 6.419, “Smart Infrastructure” with a score of 5.469, “Technological Synergy” with a score of 4.824, and “Green Motivation” with a score of 4.383. The findings indicate that focusing on reforming financial structures, developing specialized knowledge, and modernizing smart energy technologies can have the greatest effectiveness in improving energy performance and sustainability in food industry units of East Azerbaijan Province.Methodology: This study is applied-developmental in terms of its purpose and non-experimental (descriptive) survey-cross-sectional in terms of its method and time frame of data collection. The research design used is a mixed exploratory (qualitative-quantitative) study. The statistical population includes managers, technical experts, and officials of production units active in the food industry of East Azerbaijan Province, from whom 20 qualified experts were selected based on the purposeful snowball sampling method. In the qualitative part, the content analysis method was used to extract the factors affecting energy management, and the interview process continued until theoretical saturation was reached. In the quantitative part, SWOT, Swara, and quantitative strategic planning matrix methods were used to analyze and prioritize strategies.Results and Discussion:In the findings section, the experts' views on presenting an energy management strategy map in food industry units were collected through semi-structured interviews. The interviews continued until theoretical saturation was reached, and the interview transcripts were fully entered into the MaxQDA software and examined using a content analysis approach.The data coding process was carried out based on the method proposed by Brown and Clark. First, semantic units were separated and reviewed repeatedly at the sentence and paragraph levels, then initial codes were extracted and placed in meaningful categories based on conceptual similarities. By repeating this process in all interviews, a total of 214 codes were identified in the open coding stage, which were categorized in the final step and through axial coding into 2 overarching categories (internal and external factors), 4 organizing categories (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats), and 53 basic themes.Conclusion: The results of the internal and external factors assessment matrix showed that the strategic status of energy management in food industry units of East Azerbaijan Province is in the conservative quadrant; meaning that these units should make the most of the existing environmental opportunities by compensating for their internal weaknesses. In this regard, five restructuring strategies were developed, including "green budget", "green knowledge and power", "smart infrastructure", "technological synergy" and "green motivation". The results of quantitative prioritization showed that the green budget strategy has the highest strategic importance with a score of 7.333. After that, green knowledge and power with a score of 6.419, smart infrastructure with a score of 5.469, technological synergy with a score of 4.824 and green motivation with a score of 4.383 were ranked next. The results show that focusing on reforming the financial structure, developing specialized knowledge and modernizing smart energy technologies is most effective in improving the performance and energy sustainability of food industry units of East Azerbaijan Province.پژوهش حاضر با هدف ارائه نقشه استراتژی مدیریت انرژی در واحدهای صنایع غذایی استان آذربایجان شرقی انجام شد. این مطالعه از نظر هدف، کاربردی–توسعه‌ای و از حیث شیوه و بازه زمانی گردآوری داده‌ها، غیرآزمایشی از نوع توصیفی–پیمایشی و مقطعی است. طرح پژوهش به‌صورت آمیخته اکتشافی (کیفی–کمی) طراحی شد. جامعه آماری پژوهش را مدیران، کارشناسان فنی و مسئولان واحدهای تولیدی فعال در صنایع غذایی استان آذربایجان شرقی تشکیل دادند که بر اساس نمونه‌گیری هدفمند از نوع گلوله‌برفی، ۲۰ نفر از خبرگان واجد شرایط انتخاب شدند. در بخش کیفی، داده‌ها از طریق مصاحبه گردآوری و با استفاده از روش تحلیل مضمون، عوامل مؤثر بر مدیریت انرژی استخراج شد و فرایند مصاحبه‌ها تا دستیابی به اشباع نظری ادامه یافت. در بخش کمی، از تحلیل سوات، روش سوارا و ماتریس برنامه‌ریزی استراتژیک کمی برای تحلیل و اولویت‌بندی استراتژی‌ها استفاده شد. نتایج حاصل از ماتریس‌های ارزیابی عوامل داخلی و خارجی نشان داد که وضعیت استراتژیک مدیریت انرژی در واحدهای صنایع غذایی استان آذربایجان شرقی در ربع محافظه‌کارانه قرار دارد؛ به این معنا که این واحدها باید با کاهش ضعف‌های درونی، از فرصت‌های محیطی بیشترین بهره را ببرند. بر این اساس، پنج استراتژی بازسازی شامل «بودجه سبز»، «دانش و توان سبز»، «زیرساخت هوشمند»، «هم‌افزایی فناورانه» و «انگیزش سبز» تدوین شد. نتایج اولویت‌بندی کمی نشان داد که استراتژی «بودجه سبز» با کسب امتیاز ۷٫۳۳۳ بالاترین اهمیت راهبردی را دارد. پس از آن، «دانش و توان سبز» با امتیاز ۶٫۴۱۹، «زیرساخت هوشمند» با امتیاز ۵٫۴۶۹، «هم‌افزایی فناورانه» با امتیاز ۴٫۸۲۴ و «انگیزش سبز» با امتیاز ۴٫۳۸۳ در رتبه‌های بعدی قرار گرفتند. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد تمرکز بر اصلاح ساختارهای مالی، توسعه دانش تخصصی و نوسازی فناوری‌های هوشمند انرژی می‌تواند بیشترین اثربخشی را در بهبود عملکرد و پایداری انرژی واحدهای صنایع غذایی استان آذربایجان شرقی ایجاد کند.دانشگاه بیرجندمطالعات مدیریت توسعه سبز2981-24025320260923Presenting the model of urban waste management with circular economy approachارائه مدل مدیریت پسماند شهری با رویکرد اقتصاد مدور403010.22077/jgdms.2025.10046.1349FAسید احمداعلمیگروه مدیریت فناوری اطلاعات، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران0009-0002-3601-7704لادنریاضیگروه مدیریت فناوری اطلاعات، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران0009-0000-6813-0854رقیهخشاگروه مهندسی سیستم ها، دانشکده مهندسی صنایع و سیستم های مدیریت، دانشگاه صنعتی امیر کبیر، تهران، ایرانJournal Article20250906Presenting the model of urban waste management with circular economy approachIntroduction: The rapid growth of population, unsustainable consumption patterns, and accelerated urbanization have led to a significant increase in municipal solid waste (MSW) generation, creating severe environmental and public health challenges worldwide. International reports indicate that the annual volume of waste is growing rapidly, with countries such as Iran—where per capita waste generation exceeds the global average and most waste is disposed of through non-hygienic landfilling—facing even greater risks. Inefficient waste management not only threatens ecosystems and human health but also imposes considerable economic costs. In this context, the circular economy paradigm, emphasizing reduction, reuse, and recycling, has emerged as a promising solution for minimizing waste and enhancing resource efficiency. By redefining production and consumption cycles, this model provides a pathway for cities to reduce waste, improve environmental sustainability, and create added value. Accordingly, the present study aims to develop a conceptual framework for urban waste management in Iran based on the principles of the circular economy.Methodology: This study is applied in nature and adopts a mixed-method approach (qualitative–quantitative) to combine theoretical insights with empirical evidence. First, a systematic literature review was conducted to identify indicators related to urban waste management and the circular economy, which served as the theoretical foundation. Subsequently, the fuzzy Delphi method, implemented in two rounds, was employed to screen and prioritize the indicators, offering a robust mechanism to manage uncertainty in expert judgments. The expert panel consisted of 12 specialists in waste management, environmental studies, the circular economy, and urban planning, selected based on criteria such as postgraduate education, relevant professional experience, and subject-matter expertise. This diversity ensured that managerial, economic, environmental, and technological dimensions were adequately addressed. Furthermore, to ensure the validity of prior studies and strengthen the conceptual framework, the CASP tool was applied as a qualitative evaluation method to assess the rigor, clarity, and applicability of the reviewed literature.Findings: studies, 35 initial indicators of urban waste management based on the circular economy approach were identified. During the first round of the fuzzy Delphi process with 12 experts, four additional indicators were proposed, raising the total to 39 indicators. While the initial level of consensus among experts was moderate, the second round achieved a much higher level of agreement, and ultimately, 20 key indicators were validated as the final set. These validated indicators were structured into a three-layer conceptual framework: (1) institutional and infrastructural indicators, (2) operational and quantitative indicators, and (3) outcome-oriented and feedback indicators. Additionally, the indicators were thematically grouped into five major categories: waste generation, infrastructural and technical, economic and financial, recycling performance and circular economy implementation, and social and policy-related dimensions. This dual structure (three-layer and five-category) provides conceptual clarity and comprehensiveness, enabling a systematic analysis of urban waste management and offering a practical framework to supportDiscussion and Conclusion: economy approach by identifying and validating 20 key indicators through the fuzzy Delphi method and expert consensus. These indicators were structured across five main domains—waste generation and composition, infrastructural and technical, economic and financial, recycling performance and circular economy implementation, and social and policy-related dimensions—and organized into three conceptual layers (institutional-structural, operational-quantitative, and outcome-feedback). Such a dual classification provides a comprehensive and systematic tool for multi-dimensional analysis. The findings highlight that the proposed framework, while aligned with global trends, is tailored to the local context of Iran and offers a practical instrument for municipalities and policymakers to assess performance, prioritize corrective actions, and design sustainable development strategies. Compared with prior studies, this model is innovative in its three-layer and five-category structure and in its application of the fuzzy Delphi approach to extract localized indicators. Practical applications of the model include the development of key performance indicators (KPIs), continuous monitoring and evaluation systems, optimization of incentive policies, public engagement, and private sector investment. In the long term, adopting this framework can facilitate the creation of evidence-based, measurable, and adaptive systems that enhance environmental efficiency, reduce final landfill disposal, and promote more sustainable patterns of resource management. Future research can expand this mode this model toward predictive systems, decision-support tools, and practical implementations at local, national, and comparative.Keywords: Municipal waste management, circular economy, fuzzy Delphi, performance indicatorsبا شدت‌گرفتن بحران‌های زیست‌محیطی و افزایش بی‌رویه تولید پسماند در شهرها، مدیریت مؤثر پسماند به یکی از چالش‌های اصلی حکمرانی شهری تبدیل شده است. در این میان، رویکرد اقتصاد مدور با تأکید بر کاهش، استفاده مجدد و بازیافت، به‌عنوان الگویی نوین برای پایداری شهری مطرح شده است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف طراحی یک چارچوب مفهومی یکپارچه، در پی شناسایی و ساماندهی شاخص‌های کلیدی مدیریت پسماند شهری با تمرکز بر اصول اقتصاد مدور است. در گام نخست، از طریق مرور نظام‌مند ادبیات و مستندات علمی، فهرستی اولیه از شاخص‌های مؤثر استخراج شد. سپس با بهره‌گیری از روش دلفی فازی و مشارکت خبرگان تخصصی، ۲۰ شاخص نهایی شناسایی و غربال‌گری گردید. چارچوب مفهومی طراحی‌شده در دو بعد مکمل ارائه شده است: نخست، طبقه‌بندی شاخص‌ها در قالب پنج حوزه کلیدی شامل «تولید و ترکیب پسماند»، «زیرساختی و فنی»، «اقتصادی و مالی»، «عملکرد بازیافت و تحقق اقتصاد مدور» و «اجتماعی و سیاست‌گذاری»؛ دوم، سازمان‌دهی آن‌ها در یک ساختار سه‌لایه شامل سطوح «نهادی-ساختاری»، «عملیاتی-کمی» و «نتیجه‌محور-بازخوردی». این تلفیق موضوعی و لایه‌ای، امکان تحلیل علّی، ارزیابی ساختارمند و برنامه‌ریزی هدفمند را برای مدیران شهری فراهم می‌سازد. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد تمرکز بسیاری از شاخص‌های اثرگذار در لایه‌های نهادی و ساختاری است و ناکارآمدی‌های فعلی بیشتر ریشه در این سطوح دارد. چارچوب پیشنهادی می‌تواند به‌عنوان ابزاری برای ارزیابی سیاست‌ها، ارتقاء انسجام نهادی و تقویت اقدامات اجرایی شهرداری‌ها در راستای گذار به اقتصاد مدور در مدیریت پسماند شهری به کار رود.دانشگاه بیرجندمطالعات مدیریت توسعه سبز2981-24025320260923The Green Tourism, Livelihood, and Resilience Nexus: Insights from Tourism-Oriented Villages in Gilan Provinceپیوند گردشگری سبز، معیشت و تاب‌آوری: شواهدی از روستاهای گردشگرپذیر استان گیلان415010.22077/jgdms.2026.11552.1471FAفرهادجواناستادیار گروه مدیریت جهانگردی، دانشکده میراث فرهنگی، صنایع دستی و گردشگری، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران0000-0001-5238-3160Journal Article20260621IntroductionOver the past few decades, tourism has become one of the most important drivers of economic, social, and spatial development in rural areas. Tourism development not only creates employment opportunities, increases income, and improves the quality of life, but also plays a vital role in preserving natural and cultural heritage and strengthening local assets. However, the rapid and uncontrolled expansion of tourism activities in many destinations has resulted in adverse consequences, including the degradation of natural resources, land-use change, environmental pollution, and increased vulnerability of local communities. Consequently, in recent years, the concept of green tourism management has attracted growing attention from researchers and policymakers as an approach that promotes environmental protection, the responsible use of natural resources, active participation of local communities, and the achievement of sustainable development.Among Iran's tourist destinations, Gilan Province stands out due to its rich natural landscapes, cultural heritage, and numerous tourist villages, making it one of the country's most prominent tourism destinations. Despite its considerable tourism potential, the uneven development of tourism in parts of the province has intensified pressure on natural resources, undermined the sustainability of rural livelihoods, and increased the vulnerability of local communities. Therefore, adopting green tourism management approaches can contribute not only to the conservation of natural assets but also to the improvement of sustainable livelihoods and the enhancement of community resilience. Although numerous studies have examined sustainable tourism, limited attention has been given to simultaneously investigating the relationships among green tourism management, sustainable livelihoods, and local community resilience in the tourist villages of Gilan Province. Accordingly, this study aims to analyze the effects of green tourism management on sustainable livelihoods and local community resilience while examining the mediating role of sustainable livelihoods in this relationship.MethodologyThis study is applied in terms of its objective and adopts a descriptive–survey, correlational research design. The study population comprised households residing in 34 tourist villages in Gilan Province, as well as rural tourism operators, owners of eco-lodges, local administrators, and village heads (dehyars). According to official statistics, these villages included a total of 13,681 households. The required sample size was determined to be 374 respondents using Cochran’s sample size formula at a 95% confidence level (5% margin of error). Participants were selected through a multistage cluster sampling method, with proportional quota sampling used to allocate the sample across the selected villages.Data were collected using a researcher-developed questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale, encompassing three main constructs: green tourism management, sustainable livelihoods, and local community resilience. The validity of the instrument was assessed through both content and construct validity, while its reliability was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha, composite reliability (CR), and the rho_A coefficient. The results confirmed that the measurement instrument demonstrated satisfactory validity and reliability. Data were analyzed using SPSS and SmartPLS software. The measurement model was evaluated based on factor loadings, average variance extracted (AVE), and discriminant validity using the Fornell–Larcker criterion and the Heterotrait–Monotrait ratio (HTMT). The structural model was assessed using path coefficients, t-statistics, the coefficient of determination (R²), effect size (f²), predictive relevance (Q²), and overall model fit indices.FindingsThe descriptive statistics indicated that the mean scores of the three constructs—green tourism management, sustainable livelihoods, and local community resilience—were at a moderate level. Furthermore, the results of the measurement model assessment showed that all factor loadings exceeded 0.80, while the values of Cronbach’s alpha, composite reliability (CR), and average variance extracted (AVE) were all above the recommended thresholds. These findings confirm that the measurement instrument possesses satisfactory reliability and construct validity.The structural model results revealed that green tourism management has a positive and statistically significant effect on sustainable livelihoods (β = 0.710, p < 0.001). In addition, green tourism management exerts a direct positive and significant effect on local community resilience (β = 0.325, p < 0.001). Sustainable livelihoods were also found to have a positive and significant effect on local community resilience (β = 0.496, p < 0.001). Furthermore, the mediation analysis indicated that green tourism management enhances local community resilience indirectly through improvements in sustainable livelihoods, confirming the significant mediating role of sustainable livelihoods in this relationship.The coefficients of determination indicated that green tourism management explained a substantial proportion of the variance in both sustainable livelihoods (R² = 0.504) and local community resilience (R² = 0.580). Moreover, the effect size (f²) and predictive relevance (Q²) values demonstrated that the proposed model possessed satisfactory explanatory and predictive power. The overall model fit indices, including the standardized root mean square residual (SRMR), normed fit index (NFI), and RMS Theta, further confirmed the good fit of the proposed structural model. Overall, all three research hypotheses were empirically supported.Discussion and ConclusionThe descriptive statistics revealed that the mean scores of the three constructs—green tourism management, sustainable livelihoods, and local community resilience—were at a moderate level. Furthermore, the assessment of the measurement model showed that all factor loadings exceeded 0.80, while the values of Cronbach’s alpha, composite reliability (CR), and average variance extracted (AVE) were all above the recommended threshold levels. These results confirm that the measurement instrument demonstrates adequate reliability as well as satisfactory convergent validity.Furthermore, the mediating role of sustainable livelihoods indicates that the effect of green tourism management on local community resilience is realized largely through improvements in the economic and social well-being of rural residents rather than through a direct mechanism. This finding is consistent with previous studies by Khodapanah and Mohammadi (2023), Kazemiyeh (2024), Javan and Jamini (2025), Shi et al. (2022), Xiao et al. (2023), Goucher et al. (2024), and Turčinović et al. (2025), all of which emphasize that sustainable tourism management, active community participation, and livelihood diversification are critical drivers of enhanced resilience in rural communities.The main contribution of this study lies in its integrated examination of the relationships among green tourism management, sustainable livelihoods, and local community resilience, while also identifying the mediating role of sustainable livelihoods in the context of tourist villages in Gilan Province. Nevertheless, the study is subject to several limitations, including its geographical focus on a single province and its reliance on cross-sectional, perception-based data. Future research is encouraged to adopt mixed-methods approaches, longitudinal and comparative research designs, and to incorporate additional variables such as local governance, social capital, innovation, and smart technologies to develop more comprehensive models of green tourism management. Overall, the findings suggest that green tourism management represents a strategic pathway for advancing sustainable development in tourist villages and can provide valuable insights for policymakers and tourism planners in designing more resilient and sustainable rural tourism policies.گردشگری سبز به عنوان یکی از رویکردهای نوین توسعه پایدار، نقش مهمی در حفاظت از منابع محیطی، بهبود معیشت جوامع محلی و افزایش تاب‌آوری مناطق روستایی ایفا می‌کند. ازاین‌رو، پژوهش حاضر با هدف ارائه الگوی مدیریت گردشگری سبز در روستاهای استان گیلان با تأکید بر معیشت پایدار و تاب‌آوری اجتماعات محلی انجام شد. این پژوهش از نظر هدف کاربردی و از نظر ماهیت، توصیفی-پیمایشی و از نوع همبستگی است. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل خانوارهای ساکن در 34 روستای هدف گردشگری استان گیلان، فعالان گردشگری روستایی، صاحبان اقامتگاه‌های بوم‌گردی، مدیران محلی و دهیاران بود. حجم نمونه با استفاده از فرمول کوکران 374 نفر تعیین و نمونه‌ها به روش خوشه‌ای چندمرحله‌ای و سهمیه‌ای انتخاب شدند. داده‌ها از طریق پرسشنامه محقق‌ساخته مبتنی بر طیف پنج‌درجه‌ای لیکرت گردآوری و با استفاده از مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری مبتنی بر حداقل مربعات جزئی (PLS-SEM) تحلیل شدند. نتایج ارزیابی مدل اندازه‌گیری نشان داد که تمامی سازه‌ها از پایایی و روایی مطلوب برخوردارند. همچنین نتایج مدل ساختاری بیانگر آن بود که مدیریت گردشگری سبز تأثیر مثبت و معناداری بر معیشت پایدار(710/0β=)، (001/0P<) و تاب‌آوری اجتماعات محلی(325/0β=)، (001/0P<) دارد. افزون بر این، معیشت پایدار نیز تأثیر مثبت و معناداری بر تاب‌آوری اجتماعات محلی (496/0β=)، (001/0P<) نشان داد. نتایج اثرات غیرمستقیم نیز حاکی از آن بود که معیشت پایدار در رابطه بین مدیریت گردشگری سبز و تاب‌آوری اجتماعات محلی نقش میانجی ایفا می‌کند. شاخص‌های برازش مدل نیز از برازش مطلوب مدل پیشنهادی حکایت داشتند. بر این اساس، مدیریت گردشگری سبز از طریق بهبود شرایط معیشتی، تنوع‌بخشی به فرصت‌های اقتصادی، افزایش مشارکت محلی و حفاظت از منابع طبیعی می‌تواند زمینه ارتقای تاب‌آوری اجتماعات محلی را فراهم سازد. ازاین‌رو، توجه به راهبردهای مدیریت گردشگری سبز می‌تواند به عنوان ابزاری مؤثر برای تحقق توسعه پایدار در روستاهای گردشگرپذیر استان گیلان مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.