دانشگاه بیرجندمطالعات مدیریت توسعه سبز2981-24024220250723Green Management in Rural Areas: A Case Study of Deyhook District, South Khorasanمدیریت سبز در فضای روستایی: مطالعه موردی بخش دیهوک خراسان‌جنوبی124355710.22077/jgdms.2025.3557FAمحمدحجی پوراستادیار گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران0000-0001-5168-0753حسیناکرامی مقدمکارشناسیارشد جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایرانمحمداسکندری ثانیدانشیار گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایرانJournal Article20250124IntroductionRural sustainable development is a multifaceted challenge for spatial planning and management systems, requiring integrated strategies that harmonize economic, technological, environmental, and socio-cultural subsystems to foster cohesive growth. Effective approaches must also incorporate strategic planning and regulatory actions to ultimately achieve equitable rural development and reduce urban-rural disparities. In this context, global experiences increasingly support the adoption of green management as a viable pathway. Iran and its surrounding geographical regions face severe environmental challenges, including natural resource degradation, water scarcity, land degradation, and biodiversity loss. These pressures amplify the urgency of embracing green management, sustainable development, and the green industrial revolution—particularly in rural areas. The Deyhook district in Tabas County, South Khorasan Province, eastern Iran, exemplifies these challenges: chronic water scarcity, soil erosion, declining biodiversity, reliance on water-intensive agriculture, and weak waste and renewable energy management. For instance, due to climate change and prolonged droughts, among 16 villages with populations over 20 households, eight larger villages receive water via tanker trucks under rationing from Deyhook city, while the remaining eight face severe declines in spring and qanat yields. In many villages, agriculture has collapsed entirely, wells have been equipped with smart meters, and residents struggle to secure even basic domestic water supplies. Moreover, excessive groundwater extraction by coal mines at three geographically dispersed sites has led to the abandonment of villages such as Parudeh, Pikuh, and Nistan. If current trends continue, the long-term habitability of the region is at serious risk. Since the sustainability of human settlements fundamentally depends on residents’ livelihoods—and, by extension, on reliable and sustainable access to productive resources—proper management, particularly within a green management framework, can not only promote resource efficiency but also enhance the economic, social, and environmental resilience of these communities. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the rural settlements of Deyhook district based on green management principles and to propose practical solutions for transforming the current unsustainable conditions into a more resilient and sustainable future. MethodologyThis study is applied in purpose and descriptive in nature. The statistical population consists of two expert groups: regional experts and local experts and informed stakeholders. The first group—regional experts—includes seven members comprising technical staff from the Deyhook district administration and university academics with expertise in sustainable rural development. This group was responsible for identifying key criteria and sub-criteria related to rural green management and determining their relative weights using the Analytic Network Process (ANP), a multi-criteria decision-making method suitable for capturing interdependencies among factors. The second group—local experts and informed stakeholders—comprises village administrators (Dehyars) and members of Islamic Councils from all 16 villages in the Deyhook district. In each village, a local expert panel of 2 to 4 members was formed. These panels participated in assessing the current status of their villages regarding green management indicators through structured questionnaires based on the Rural Settlement Evaluation Framework. Data collected from these assessments were analyzed using the MARCOS (Measurement Alternatives and Ranking according to Compromise Solution) method to rank villages based on their performance in green management. Finally, to identify actionable strategies for improvement, insights from both expert groups were integrated and structured within the SOAR framework (Strengths, Opportunities, Aspirations, Results), which emphasizes positive, vision-driven planning. This mixed-method approach—combining ANP for weighting, MARCOS for ranking, and SOAR for strategy development—ensures a robust, participatory, and context-sensitive evaluation, supporting both diagnostic analysis and practical intervention in rural sustainability planning. FindingsAt the macro level, the criterion "Residents' Environmental Ethics and Culture" holds the highest weight (0.166), indicating that experts view behavioral change, awareness, and the development of a sustainability culture as the most fundamental drivers of successful green management. Using the MARCOS method, villages in the Deyhook district of Tabas County were ranked based on green management criteria, revealing significant differences in sustainable development levels and performance. Esfandiar village ranked first with the highest efficiency index (f(Ki) = 0.665), emerging as a model for green management—likely due to stronger sustainable infrastructure, effective waste management, access to modern technologies, and a participatory environmental culture. Esfahk (0.611) and Chirok (0.607) followed in second and third place, reflecting relatively strong sustainability performance. Overall, higher-ranked villages (1–6) demonstrate better outcomes in infrastructure, renewable energy, education, and environmental culture. Key strengths include the region’s largest wildlife refuge with high biodiversity, vast coal reserves, and unique geotourism sites—offering solid foundations for green economy, sustainable tourism, and new energy initiatives. External opportunities, such as access to innovative climate and energy practices and engagement of foreign tourists in environmental stewardship, enable knowledge transfer and cultural investment. The defined aspirations—such as green management in all villages, full environmental compatibility, reduced resource waste, and full sustainability—reflect a shift from purely physical development toward a holistic, integrated sustainability model. Discussion and ConclusionThis study develops and applies an integrated framework for rural green management in Deyhook, a desert region under environmental stress. Using MARCOS, significant performance disparities among 16 villages were revealed, with Esfandiar ranking highest and Razaviyeh and Zardgah lowest. Experts emphasized "environmental culture" and "infrastructure" as key drivers, reflecting the importance of behavioral change and sustainable systems. Natural assets and external opportunities support green development. Context-sensitive strategies—like solar energy, water recycling, and civic engagement—are proposed. By integrating theory, field assessment, and practical solutions, this study offers a replicable, holistic model for sustainable transformation in arid rural regions, supporting policy-making, equity, and community resilience through participatory, knowledge-integrated planning.مدیریت سبز به‌عنوان یک راهبرد عملیاتی برای برنامه‌ریزی توسعه پایدار اهمیت بی‌بدیلی دارد. تلاش برای بهبود رابطه انسان و محیط زیست با به‌کارگیری قابلیت انواع فناوری و نوآوری‌های موجود، بنیان این رویکرد را ساخته‌است. با عنایت به اینکه بخش دیهوک در شهرستان طبس از توابع استان خراسان‌جنوبی، با چالش‌های بسیار زیادی از قبیل کم‌آبی مزمن، فرسایش خاک، کاهش تنوع زیستی و ضعف در مدیریت پسماند و انرژی‌های تجدیدپذیر مواجه است، کوشش شده ضمن ارزیابی سکونتگاه‌های روستایی از منظر اصول مدیریت سبز، راهکارهای عملی جهت تحول در وضع کنونی ارائه شود. باوجود فضای جغرافیایی رو به زوال که منابع و دارایی‌های طبیعی دچار ضعف جدی است، دگرشی مدبرانه و کارآمد در برنامه‌ریزی‌ها به‌سوی رویکرد مدیریت سبز دارای ضرورتی است. نوع تحقیق به‌لحاظ هدف کاربردی و از دید ماهیت روش توصیفی-تحلیلی است. جامعه آماری تحقیق در دو گروه "خبرگان ناحیه" و "خبرگان و مطلعین محلی" تعریف شده‌است. به‌کمک گروه اول و مطالعه اسنادی، شناسایی معیارها و ریز معیارهای معرف مدیریت سبز روستایی و سپس تعیین وزن هرکدام از آنها انجام شد. گروه دوم نیز در ارزیابی وضع موجود روستاها از دید شاخص‌های مدیریت سبز -به‌وسیله پرسشنامه- نقش داشته است. راهکارهای بهبود مدیریت سبز روستایی در بخش دیهوک با همفکری دو گروه مذکور احصا شد. از روش هایANP، MARCOS و SOAR در گام‌های مختلف استفاده شد. تعداد کل روستاهای مورد مطالعه 16 سکونتگاه در بخش دیهوک شهرستان طبس بوده است. در نتیجه این پژوهش چارچوبی یکپارچه از مدیریت سبز در روستاهای بخش دیهوک طبس ارائه می‌دهد که ابعاد انرژی، پسماند، آب، کشاورزی پایدار، فرهنگ زیست‌محیطی و زیرساخت را پوشش می‌دهد. ارزیابی با روش مارکوس ناهمگونی چشمگیر در عملکرد روستاها نشان داد؛ روستای اسفندیار بالاترین و رضویه و زردگاه پایین‌ترین رتبه را داشتند. خبرگان "فرهنگ زیست‌محیطی" و "زیرساخت" را مهم‌ترین معیارها دانستند. پتانسیل‌های طبیعی و فرصت‌های نوین، همراه با راهکارهایی مانند انرژی خورشیدی و بازیافت آب، می‌توانند محرک توسعه سبز باشند. در نهایت اینکه، تلفیق ابعاد نظری، تجربی و عملی، الگویی کاربردی و قابل تعمیم برای مناطق خشک ایجاد کرده است.https://gmd.birjand.ac.ir/article_3557_51da85a3c3dfa1f360b48852b64218b2.pdfدانشگاه بیرجندمطالعات مدیریت توسعه سبز2981-24024220250723Urban Livability Toward Sustainable Development: A Case Study of Saravan Cityزیست‌پذیری شهری در راستای توسعه پایدار: مطالعه شهر سراوان2546331510.22077/jgdms.2024.7338.1090FAعبدالسلامسپاهیاندانشجوی دکتری گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، واحد زاهدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، زاهدان، ایران.0000-0001-5348-3630حسینملاشاهیاستادیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، واحد زاهدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، زاهدان، ایران.0009-0001-9062-660Xمریمکریمیان بستانیاستادیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، واحد زاهدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، زاهدان، ایران.0009-0009-3818-7652Journal Article20240222IntroductionCities are typically defined as densely populated, developed settlements characterized by extensive built environments and active commercial and industrial functions. With the rapid pace of global urbanization and the growing need to assess the performance of urban management systems, research into urban livability—particularly regarding residents’ access to and realization of citizenship rights—has become increasingly significant. Viewing the city as a living organism, it requires vitality and livability to sustain its existence. Livability refers to an urban system that supports the social, economic, physical, and mental well-being of its inhabitants. Core principles underpinning this concept include equity, justice, security, participation, recreation, and empowerment. As a measure of a city’s ability to support residents’ well-being and quality of life, livability is an essential dimension of urban development. It encompasses a broad spectrum of human needs—from basic necessities such as food and safety to higher-order needs like beauty, cultural identity, and a sense of belonging. A comprehensive review of the literature confirms that livability is a complex, multidimensional construct, widely recognized and evaluated through diverse criteria and indicators. Consequently, livable cities can be assessed across social, economic, physical, and environmental dimensions. Livable communities are generally safe, healthy, and inclusive, offering accessible transportation and timely access to schools, workplaces, services, and essential amenities. Although some studies distinguish livability from quality of life, the two concepts are often used interchangeably, as they share many overlapping indicators. In recent decades, urban livability has emerged as a dominant framework in urban planning and development discourse. While interpretations vary, the concept broadly emphasizes urban biosustainability, intergenerational equity, and holistic development across economic, social, physical, and environmental domains.Saravan, a city in Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran, has experienced uneven urban development due to rapid population growth in recent decades. Ethnic tensions have eroded social capital and limited the selection of competent municipal leaders. A weakened sense of place attachment, coupled with limited external attractions, has led to the outmigration of intellectual, economic, and social elites, discouraging investment. The city faces significant challenges in employment, road infrastructure, green space, leisure and recreation, public transportation, income levels, housing, infrastructure, service provision, social cohesion, and environmental quality—issues largely rooted in ineffective urban governance. Development efforts have primarily relied on natural resources, which are themselves under strain due to recurring droughts that have damaged or threaten to destroy key economic foundations. These conditions underscore the urgency of addressing urban livability in Saravan. Therefore, this study aims to measure and analyze urban livability indicators in Saravan to support sustainable development. Specifically, it seeks to answer: Which indicators most significantly influence livability in Saravan? and What is the relative impact of each of these factors?MethodologyThis research is applied in purpose, aiming to measure and evaluate livability indicators in Saravan. It adopts a quantitative, descriptive-analytical design. The target population consists of Saravan’s residents (N = 60,014). Using Cochran’s formula (95% confidence level, 5% margin of error), the sample size was determined as 322 individuals, selected via simple random sampling and surveyed directly. The validity of the livability indicators was confirmed by expert review, and reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha (α > 0.7). Indicators span five dimensions: socio-cultural, economic, physical, environmental, and managerial. Data were analyzed using factor analysis in SPSS. FindingsThe results identified three key factors influencing urban livability in Saravan.Factor 1: Dominated by "the performance of urban managers in reducing residents’ cost of living", this factor explains 19.8% of the total variance—the highest contribution.Factor 2: Highlighted by "ease of road access for people with disabilities", accounts for 1.7% of the variance.Factor 3: Driven by "accessibility to public services in the city", explains 5.5% of the variance. Discussion and ConclusionThis study employed factor analysis to assess urban livability indicators in Saravan. Each factor was interpreted and labeled based on its most influential items. The findings reveal that urban managers and planners, when operating without strategic vision, are ill-equipped to address contemporary urban challenges. This underscores the growing importance of integrating livability into urban planning to meet societal needs and respond to emerging urban threats. The results align with prior studies by Baig et al. (2019), Nourian et al. (2021), Emdadi et al. (2022), and Zeynali Azim & Karami (2023), reinforcing the relevance of livability as a critical lens for sustainable urban development. The study highlights the need for targeted governance reforms, inclusive planning, and investment in infrastructure and public services to enhance livability and ensure long-term sustainability in marginalized urban contexts like Saravan.پس از انقلاب صنعتی، با افزایش جمعیت شهرها و شکل‌گیری کلان‌شهرها مسائل زیست‌محیطی فراوانی پیش آمد؛ طوریکه، رویکردهای متنوعی در مورد حفظ محیط‌زیست شهری همانند نظریه باغشهر، شهر سبز، شهر اکولوژیک و توسعه پایدار شهری در ادبیات برنامه‌ریزی شهری مطرح شدند که می‌توان آنها را در راستای به وجود آمدن شهرهای زیست‌پذیر قلمداد کرد. هدف تحقیق حاضر، سنجش و بررسی شاخص‌های زیست‌پذیری در راستای دستیابی به توسعه پایدار شهر سراوان است. پژوهش حاضر از نوع کاربردی و از دید روش توصیفی- تحلیلی و پیمایشی است. روش گردآوری داده‌های مورد نیاز به دو دسته کلی اسنادی و پیمایشی تقسیم می‌شود. جامعه آماری مورد نظر، شهروندان شهر سراوان به تعداد 60014 نفر است که حجم نمونه آماری بر پایه فرمول کوکران، 322 نفر است که در بین شهروندان به‌طور نمونه‌گیری تصادفی ساده توزیع و به‌طور مستقیم از آنها پرسشگری شد. تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات با استفاده از مدل تحلیل عاملی (Factor Analysis) در نرم‌افزار SPSS انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد سه عامل، دارای بیشترین تأثیرگذاری در زیست‌پذیری شهر سراوان هستند که عبارتند از؛ عامل اول، که بیشترین زیرشاخص تأثیرگذار در آن، عملکرد مدیران شهری در شهر برای کاهش هزینه‌های زندگی ساکنان می‌باشد و به‌تنهایی 8/19 درصد از کل واریانس را توضیح می‌دهد (مهم‌ترین زیرشاخص)؛ عامل دوم، بیشترین زیرشاخص تأثیرگذار، سهولت استفاده آسان معلولان از معابر می‌باشد که حدود 1/7 درصد از کل واریانس را به خود اختصاص داده است، در عامل سوم نیز زیرشاخص میزان دسترسی به خدمات عمومی در شهر، بیشترین تأثیرگذاری را با میزان واریانس 5/5 درصد دارد.https://gmd.birjand.ac.ir/article_3315_62dad6e273d32235ae02b7d321578ee8.pdfدانشگاه بیرجندمطالعات مدیریت توسعه سبز2981-24024220250723Climate Change, Water Scarcity, and Farmer Innovations in Rice Cultivation Irrigation: A Case Study of Dry-Seeded Rice in Rural Eastern Mazandaranتغییرات آب و هوایی، محدودیت منابع آب و نوآوری کشاورزان در آبیاری کشت برنج (مورد مطالعه: خشکه‌کاری در نواحی روستایی شرق‌مازندران)4766355310.22077/jgdms.2025.8961.1270FAوحیدریاحیدانشیار گروه جغرافیای انسانی، دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران0000-0002-6970-0625Journal Article20250223IntroductionThe present research centers on the innovative cultivation and production of rice through direct seeding (dry-seeded rice), as an alternative to continuous flooding or traditional methods, and examines the productivity and economic impacts of this novel approach. Unlike traditional paddy cultivation with flood irrigation, this innovation involves direct and phased irrigation or dry seeding. Indeed, in this new method, rice planting and irrigation are adapted to the plant's specific water needs, maximizing the utilization of existing soil moisture. Agricultural water consumption is reduced by approximately 65% due to the modified irrigation technique. This study stems from extensive irrigation measurements conducted over four crop years (2020-2023) in rice fields in rural areas of Behshahr County, with the active participation of local rice farmers. Following successful trials, this method is rapidly expanding to other farms and villages. Key advantages of this new irrigation approach (dry-seeded rice) include reduced use of agricultural pesticides due to fewer pests resulting from the irrigation type, lower production costs, decreased labor hours and days per acre compared to traditional rice production, increased per capita rice yield per hectare, and easy training and dissemination of the cultivation method. This dry-seeding irrigation technique is applicable to both high-yield rice varieties (Neda) and low-yield, high-value varieties (Tarom). Overall, direct-seeded rice can be considered "rainfed cultivation," while the traditional method can be termed "irrigated cultivation." Given the water resource challenges and limitations in rural areas, this research aims to answer: How has the experience of direct rice irrigation (dry-seeded rice) unfolded in rural eastern Mazandaran, and what are its advantages compared to cultivating other crops and traditional rice farming? MethodologyThis applied research employs a descriptive-analytical approach and is based on participatory evaluation methods. Data collection involved both library research and fieldwork, utilizing semi-structured individual and group interviews, as well as observation. The study's geographical scope encompassed villages in Behshahr, Neka, and Galougah counties. During the research period from 2020 to 2023, approximately 130 villages in these counties engaged in rice cultivation (Statistical Yearbook of Mazandaran Province, 2016, pp. 35, 63). To conduct the participatory research, villages with direct rice cultivation were first identified, and a snowball sampling method was used to determine the sample size. Criteria such as the area under dry cultivation, access to farmers during the cultivation period, and willingness to participate in the research process influenced sample selection. After identifying the sample, participatory meetings were held in each sample village, and sometimes directly in the fields. Based on the opinions of participating rice farmers, discussions focused on: the characteristics of direct rice irrigation; the advantages of direct irrigation for rice production compared to traditional methods; the benefits of direct irrigation (dry-seeded rice) compared to other crops in rural eastern Mazandaran; and finally, the overall advantages of direct irrigation (dry-seeded rice) for rice production compared to traditional planting. Simultaneously, each of these axes was analyzed, and issues were prioritized. The research process spanned four consecutive years (2020-2023) during the rice cultivation season, generally from April to September. In the first year, 5 farmers participated; in the second year, with 10 new additions, the sample grew to 15; in the third year, with 15 new additions, it reached 30; and in the fourth year, with 20 new additions, the statistical population expanded to 32 farmers, with some participants repeating from the second year onwards. The total number of participating farmers in the sample throughout the research period was 50. These participants were from the villages of Khorshid Kola and Lemrask in Galougah County; Altepeh, Saro, Ghareh Tapeh, Hosseinabad, and Zaghmarz in Behshahr County; and Hajimohalleh, Kolat, Kamishan, and Nodeh in Neka County. The dry-seeding experience in the studied villages was successfully implemented for both high-yield rice varieties like Neda and high-value varieties like Tarom. FindingsThe direct irrigation (dry-seeded rice) method offers numerous advantages in terms of irrigation volume, irrigation stages, yield, economic value of production, and per capita income per hectare, compared to other common crops in the region. Given the climatic characteristics of eastern Mazandaran (Behshahr, Neka, and Galougah counties), which receive an average long-term annual rainfall of 600 to 650 mm, and whose groundwater resources have significantly declined in recent decades due to high agricultural water consumption, dry-seeded rice can be introduced as the dominant agricultural cultivation pattern for the region. This cultivation method can generate up to three times more per capita income per hectare than other dominant crops in the region after rice, such as cotton, soybean, and corn. If carefully and systematically managed, this per capita income could increase up to fourfold. It is notable that in the direct irrigation (dry-seeded rice) method, specifically for the high-yield Neda variety, approximately 75 kg of usable or marketable rice and about 2 kg of broken rice are harvested and produced from every 120 kg of paddy (the standard unit for harvested rough rice sacks on the farm). According to participants' statements regarding the direct irrigation (dry-seeded rice) method during the study years, agricultural water consumption per hectare is approximately one-third (a 1:3 ratio) of the traditional method. In other words, direct irrigation (dry-seeded rice) requires about 66% less water resources for rice cultivation than the traditional flood irrigation method. As direct irrigation (dry-seeded rice) is carried out according to the plant's biological needs and in a regular, phased manner in comparison with climatic conditions, there might be minor variations in this amount. Nevertheless, given the decreasing trend of long-term annual rainfall in eastern Mazandaran (600 to 650 mm), the increasing trend of land desiccation each year, and the lowering of the regional groundwater table, the dry-seeding method has gained significant importance. Discussion and ConclusionWith proper planning, precise training, effective information dissemination, appropriate promotion, and leveraging experiences, it's possible to achieve water and soil conservation, increased farmer income, higher quality produce with fewer pests and pesticides. Furthermore, reduced production costs, decreased water consumption given regional water resource limitations, reduced labor intensity in rice cultivation, effective per-hectare productivity, and determination of regional cultivation patterns and rural economics can be planned and implemented. It appears that despite the attention of the Irrigation Organization and the Ministry of Agriculture Jihad among farmers and villages in eastern Mazandaran, the development and expansion of dry-seeding have occurred informally and unsystematically. Therefore, strong support from governmental bodies for promoting this cultivation method in the villages of the region, and even in other northern provinces of Iran, is expected and recommended. This support can manifest through producing educational programs in rural areas, promoting modern irrigation techniques, face-to-face promotion of the direct (dry-seeding) method of rice irrigation, and developing promotional programs. Moreover, just as governmental support is provided for drip irrigation and optimal use of surface and groundwater resources in horticulture and some other agricultural sectors, direct (dry-seeding) rice irrigation should also receive support from relevant organizations for drip or sprinkler irrigation, which would be welcomed by rural rice producers.اقتصاد روستایی تا حد زیادی به میزان کشاورزی و تولید محصولات زراعی روستاییان وابسته‌است و این وابستگی تا حد زیادی مرهون دسترسی به منابع آب کشاورزی است. برنج یکی از محصولات زراعی روستایی به‌ویژه در نواحی شمال ایران است که نیاز به منابع آب فراوان و مستمر طی دوره کاشت دارد. از این رو توجه بسیاری از تولیدکنندگان برنج به منابع آب در دسترس و بهره‌وری منابع آب معطوف است. تغییرات آب و هوایی و محدودیت منابع آب در ناحیه روستایی شرق‌مازندران در سال‌های اخیر، تجربه شیوه جدیدی از آبیاری در کشت برنج را موجب شده که به برنج‌کاری با آبیاری مستقیم یا خشکه‌کاری در برابر کشت سنتی برنج معروف شده‌است. از این رو، تحقیق حاضر با هدف شناخت تجربه آبیاری مستقیم برنج (خشکه‌کاری) به بررسی ویژگی‌ها و مزیت‌ها آبیاری و مقایسه این شیوه با کاشت سنتی برنج و نیز مزیت تولید برنج در مقایسه با سایر محصولات زراعی پرداخته‌است. تحقیق حاضر از لحاظ هدف کاربردی و از نظر ماهیت و روش توصیفی- تحلیلی بوده و متکی بر روش‌های ارزیابی مشارکتی است. در جمع‌آوری داده‌ها و اطلاعات از مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای و میدانی و مشاهده استفاده شد. محدوده مورد مطالعه روستاهای شهرستان‌های بهشهر، نکا و گلوگاه (در شرق‌مازندران)، و زمان انجام تحقیق در سال‌های 1399 تا 1402 بوده است. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که نخست، کاشت برنج به‌صورت آبیاری مستقیم (خشکه‌کاری) نسبت به کاشت سنتی دارای مزیت‌های فنی و هزینه‌ای است؛ دوم، کاشت برنج به‌صورت آبیاری مستقیم مزیت‌های متعددی از نظر میزان آبیاری، مراحل آبیاری، مقدار برداشت محصول، ارزش اقتصادی و سرانه تولید و درامد در هکتار در مقایسه با محصولات رایج منطقه دارد. در پایان، این تحقیق نشان داد در شیوه جدید تولید برنج، میزان مصرف آب زراعی در هر هکتار، حدود یک‌سوم روش سنتی بوده است.https://gmd.birjand.ac.ir/article_3553_e250c59336b505ed411d455abaa30b4d.pdfدانشگاه بیرجندمطالعات مدیریت توسعه سبز2981-24024220250723Investigating the Impact of Innovative Technological Development on Environmental and Economic Performance with the Moderating Role of Government Supportبررسی تأثیر توسعه نوآورانه فناوری بر عملکرد زیست‌محیطی و اقتصادی با نقش تعدیلگر حمایت دولت6790315610.22077/jgdms.2024.7498.1120FAهاجرسوختانلوکارشناس ارشد مدیریت استراتژیک، دانشگاه بین المللی امام رضا (ع)، مشهد، ایران0009-0004-0187-4081امیدبهبودیاستادیار گروه مدیریت، موسسه آموزش عالی عطار، مشهد، ایران0000-0002-0642-6657سیدمرتضیغیورباغبانیاستادیار گروه مدیریت، دانشگاه بین المللی امام رضا (ع)، مشهد، ایران0000-0001-5345-1516Journal Article20240509IntroductionScience and technology parks have increased the amount of knowledge production in the region and attracted foreign capital by helping the growth of companies active in research-oriented economic fields, and are undoubtedly considered a determining factor in the development of a knowledge-based economy. It is also effective in spreading the culture of competition and innovation in a region and transferring technology between different sectors by spreading knowledge between companies, small institutions, markets and universities and research centers. In this regard, technological innovation has become a vital resource for finding sustainable economic and human development solutions, such as reducing technological gaps between developed and developing countries. The increasing demand for social services and products based on technological innovation has strengthened the expectations for technological innovation as a source of sustainable competition for companies and, increasingly, social enterprises. This is particularly the case for development cooperation programs that use social enterprises, which has led to increased funding from the public and private sectors for social enterprises that promote innovative development solutions. MethodologyThe purpose of this research was to investigate the impact of innovation factors related to technology on social performance and economic performance with the moderation of government support. This research is a survey in terms of practical purpose and in terms of execution method. The statistical population of this research is all the managers of knowledge-based companies located in Mashhad Science and Technology Park (170 companies), whose number of managers was 170; Based on Morgan's table method, the number of sample members is 118 and considered available sampling method. The data collection tool was a standard questionnaire taken from the research of Kim and Jun (2022) with 26 items. 7 items, economic performance 5 items, innovation factors 10 items and government support 4 items have been used to measure the variable of social performance. Convergent and divergent validity and factor analysis were used to measure face validity according to experts and regarding construct validity. Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability were used to measure reliability. The hypotheses are as follows: 1) Technological innovation has a positive effect on social performance. 2) Technological innovation has a positive effect on economic performance. 3) Government support affects social performance. 4) Government support affects economic performance. 5) Government support moderates the relationship between technological innovation factors and social performance. 6) Government support moderates the relationship between technological innovation factors and economic performance. SPSS software was used for descriptive statistics analysis and SmartPLS3 software was used for inferential statistics. FindingsBased on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, it was concluded that the data are non-normal and the data analysis was done with SmartPLS3 software. All factor loadings of the variables are higher than 0.5 and have good validity. The extracted average variance numbers are more than 0.5, so the variables have good convergent validity. Based on the method of Fornell and Larker, the numbers on the main diagonal of the matrix (the second root of the average variance extracted) are more than all the correlation numbers between the variables. The result is that all the variables of this research have good divergent validity. Cronbach's alpha of the entire questionnaire was reported as 0.833, which indicates the suitability of the reliability and internal consistency of the entire questionnaire items. The average of all shared values is positive, so the quality of the structural model is evaluated as good. The percentage of predicted changes of social performance and economic performance variables by independent variables is relatively significant and estimated as 0.611 and 0.646. Hypotheses testing also showed that technology-related factors have a positive and significant effect on social and economic performance of knowledge-based companies in Mashhad and the path coefficients and t-statistics in these hypotheses were equal to (t: 3.532 and path coefficient: 0.385) and (t: 2.094 and path coefficient: 0.295) respectively. Government support moderates these effects (t: 3.249 and path coefficient: 0.186) and (t: 3.833 and path coefficient: 0.230). In addition, the impact of government support on the social and economic performance of knowledge-based companies has also been reported to be significant and positive. The t-statistics and path coefficients for hypotheses are respectively (t: 2.246 and path coefficient: 0.212) and (t: 2.284 and path coefficient: 0.261). Discussion and ConclusionManagers of knowledge-based companies should use technological innovations to achieve development goals in the region and use technological innovations to reinvest for social purposes and in this direction to improve the local environment and help improve the quality of life of residents. Knowledge-based companies should be known through technology-related factors not only in the local community but also abroad and should cooperate in solving local employment problems. It is suggested that managers of knowledge-based companies commit to investing in research and development costs, producing optimal and quality products, and innovation in executive processes. It is also suggested to establish permanent and appropriate communication between companies with research and academic centers and to build a culture regarding relying on internal power. Knowledge-based companies should be aware of customers' needs, have a new approach to technical issues, managers should encourage the creation of new ideas and receive funds from central and local governments to provide social services and improve environmental activities. It is suggested that managers of knowledge-based companies make full use of government and local institutions that can have formal partnerships for technology development and innovation. It is also suggested that they prioritize the difference in the probability of success in different sectors and request their desired government support from the government based on their abilities and needs. It is suggested that managers of knowledge-based companies in interaction with government organizations can have useful social activities for society and gain more credibility and reputation by disclosing related information. It is suggested that knowledge-based companies adopt policies that encourage companies to disclose social performance. Managers of knowledge-based companies should use the opportunity of government support in order to acquire new knowledge and innovate in activities and processes so that they can maintain a competitive position in the product market and have better financial and economic performance. In long-term approaches, improving business capacity through valuable and quality products and maintaining competitive power depends on the innovation of the company's activities and processes.هدف این تحقیق بررسی تأثیر عوامل توسعه نوآورانه فناوری بر عملکرد زیست‌محیطی و عملکرد اقتصادی با تعدیلگری حمایت دولت می‌باشد. این پژوهش از حیث هدف کاربردی و از حیث روش اجرا، پیمایشی است. جامعه آماری تحقیق حاضر، کلیه مدیران شرکت‌های دانش‌بنیان مستقر در پارک علم و فناوری شهر مشهد (170 شرکت) می‌باشد که تعداد مدیران آنها 170 نفر است؛ بر اساس جدول مورگان، تعداد اعضای نمونه 118 و به روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس در نظر گرفته‌می‌شود. ابزار جمع‌آوری داده‌ها پرسشنامه استاندارد برگرفته از پژوهش کیم و جون (2022) می‌باشد. جهت سنجش روایی صوری از نظر خبرگان و در خصوص روایی سازه از روایی همگرا و واگرا و تحلیل عاملی استفاده می‌شود. جهت سنجش پایایی از آلفا کرونباخ و پایایی مرکب استفاده می‌شود. تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها با نرم‌افزار اسمارت پی ال اس 3 انجام شده‌است. نتایج نشان‌می‌دهد توسعه نوآورانه فناوری بر عملکرد زیست‌محیطی و اقتصادی شرکت‌های دانش‌بنیان مشهد تأثیر مثبت و معناداری دارد و حمایت‌های دولتی این تأثیرات را تعدیل می‌کند. به‌علاوه تأثیر حمایت‌های دولتی بر عملکرد زیست‌محیطی و اقتصادی شرکت‌های دانش‌بنیان نیز معنادار و مثبت می‌باشد.https://gmd.birjand.ac.ir/article_3156_2227d753dc18505031869d44673728e2.pdfدانشگاه بیرجندمطالعات مدیریت توسعه سبز2981-24024220250723Urban Agricultural Land Revitalization and the Creation of Edible Parks Toward Sustainable Urban Developmentاحیای اراضی کشاورزی شهری و ایجاد ادیبل پارک‌ها در جهت توسعه پایداری شهری91118316010.22077/jgdms.2024.7975.1176FAزهرانوبردانشجوی دکتری تخصصی برنامه ریزی شهری و منطقه ای، دانشکده برنامه ریزی و علوم محیطی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران0009-0008-0239-1240اکبررحیمیدانشیار گروه برنامه ریزی شهری و منطقه ای، دانشکده برنامه ریزی و علوم محیطی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران0000-0002-9556-1163Journal Article20240727IntroductionRapid population growth and environmental degradation pose significant social and ecological challenges for cities worldwide. The global population is projected to reach 9 billion by 2050, placing increasing pressure on urban systems. Cities are confronting multifaceted challenges, including climate change, social segregation, biodiversity loss, and the absence of healthy, environmentally sustainable food systems. In response, the concept of sustainable urban development has emerged as a holistic framework to address these interconnected issues by integrating environmental, social, and economic dimensions. Sustainable development science emphasizes inclusive participation, engaging non-experts in addressing complex, multidimensional urban problems. One promising strategy is the revitalization of urban agricultural lands through innovative, community-driven approaches. Urban sustainability and growth strategies can thus serve as critical pathways toward resilience, fostering cross-disciplinary collaboration and empowering communities to co-create solutions. FindingsUrban agriculture encompasses the cultivation of crops and rearing of livestock within urban and suburban areas, reinforcing the interdependence between urban and rural systems. It responds to diverse food demands, supports various business models, and carries significant social and environmental implications in terms of costs, benefits, and funding mechanisms. This study considers food production across urban and peri-urban landscapes in all its forms, without categorical distinction.Nature-based solutions (NbS) represent innovative approaches for sustainable urban transformation. These strategies enhance urban resilience without necessarily altering the physical fabric of cities, instead optimizing existing structures through ecological integration. By expanding urban green initiatives—from small-scale interventions such as green roofs and indoor farming to large-scale green spaces—nature-based projects can transform urban lifestyles and foster sustainable community development.Edible parks, as a form of nature-based solution, utilize both public and private spaces to build sustainable urban infrastructure and redefine the function of urban open spaces. They promote social interaction, strengthen community bonds, and contribute to the creation of vibrant urban ecosystems. Urban food production often relies on simple, low-tech methods with minimal infrastructure, making it accessible and scalable. Productive green spaces not only enhance food security but also improve environmental quality, stimulate local economies, and provide recreational and aesthetic benefits.The edible park model directly addresses pressing urban challenges, including climate change adaptation, biodiversity conservation, and global food system vulnerabilities. By embedding productive landscapes into the urban fabric, edible parks foster biophilic design principles, creating distinctive, identity-rich environments that reconnect residents with nature. In cities rich with opportunities for ecological restoration, these spaces enable citizens to experience the wonder and regenerative potential of the natural world.As a key model of urban landscape innovation, edible cities play a vital role in advancing ecological sustainability and reconstructing urban green infrastructure—including the rehabilitation of underutilized or degraded agricultural lands. In cities like Tabriz, where nature-based solutions are gaining momentum, edible parks can generate sustainable employment and income opportunities for local communities. Thoughtful, context-sensitive design of these spaces is essential to maximizing their functional efficiency and enhancing overall urban sustainability. Discussion and ConclusionUrban agriculture has gained growing public and institutional attention as cities seek resilient, adaptive infrastructure solutions. This domain includes a wide range of practices led by diverse stakeholders—such as community gardens, allotment plots, transition city initiatives, and commercial urban farms. A central challenge today is the reintegration of productive agriculture into urban planning, despite its historical presence in city landscapes. Land-use changes, particularly soil sealing due to urban expansion, have detrimental effects on soil health, hydrological cycles, and biodiversity. In industrialized nations, agricultural land has declined due to competing demands for urban development, industrial zones, infrastructure, and protected natural areas. Edible parks offer a strategic response by enabling food production within city boundaries while preserving existing urban agricultural lands. In doing so, they reinforce the role of green infrastructure as a cornerstone of sustainable urban development.گسترش و صنعتی شدن شهرها و افزایش روزافزون ساخت‌وساز در آنها، موجب شده‌است تا نیازهای اقتصادی و اکولوژیکی، زیست‌محیطی و سبزینگی در شهرها به‌شدت احساس شود؛ اما مسئله اصلی این است که چگونه می‌توان در شهرهای صنعتی و پرجمعیت نیازهای پیش گفته را پاسخ داد؟ یکی از روش‌های پاسخ‌گویی به این مسئله، ورود هدفمند راه حل‌های مبتنی بر طبیعت در منظر شهری است. استراتژی ادیبل این قابلیت را دارد تا به‌منظور تأمین بخشی از نیازهای اکولوژیکی و زیست‌محیطی و غذایی، اجتماعی شهر و ساکنان آن وارد حیطه‌ی عمل شود و با رویکرد زیرساخت‌های سبز در لابه لای ساختار شهری تأمین کننده ی بخش وسیعی از نیازها باشد، شش‌های شهری که تنها کاربری تفرجی داشته‌اند و اغلب بخش‌های وسیعی از فضای درون‌شهر را به خود اختصاص داده‌اند، اکنون می‌توانند پاسخ‌گوی نیازهای مبرم شهرنشینان شوند؛ و فضای سبز صرفاً مصرف‌کننده، به فضای سبز تولید کننده تبدیل شود. با تداوم و گسترش این استراتژی در شهر، شهر پذیرای سبک جدیدی از زندگی خواهد شد که سبب ایجاد ارتباط نزدیک با طبیعت، افزایش تعامل اجتماعی، بهبود اوضاع اقتصادی و سبب افزایش بهره‌وری از طبیعت را سبب می‌شود، این پژوهش با تحلیل جامع مقالات علمی منتشر شده در پایگاه‌های معتبر اطلاعاتی به بررسی تأثیرات احیای اراضی کشاورزی و احداث ادیبل پارک‌ها پرداخته‌است. همچنین از رویکردهای سیستماتیک برای غربالگری و تحلیل مقالات استفاده کرده و بر اساس چندین موضوع که از اهمیت بالایی در ادبیات تحقیق برخوردارند، دسته‌بندی‌شده‌اند. با مرور و تحلیل دقیق ادبیات موجود و شناسایی و ارزیابی نقاط قوت و ضعف مطالعات پیشین به بررسی زیرساخت‌ها و فرصت‌ها و ظرفیت‌های موجود در شهر و ارائه‌ی راه‌حل‌ها و مدل‌های راهبردی و کاربردی در جهت توسعه‌ی پایداری شهرها پرداخته‌است.https://gmd.birjand.ac.ir/article_3160_9808ae38758804501ca3fc0697050e03.pdfدانشگاه بیرجندمطالعات مدیریت توسعه سبز2981-24024220250723Bibliometric Analysis of Carbon Emissions Documents: Illustration of the Coupling and Co-Occurrence Networks (2015-2024)تحلیل محتوا اسناد حوزه انتشار کربن: تحلیل علم‌سنجی و مصورسازی شبکه موضوعی و هم‌رخدادی واژگان (2015-2024)119140324710.22077/jgdms.2024.7906.1167FAفاطمهذیحق کارگر مقدمدانشجوی دکتری، گروه معماری، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران شمال، تهران، ایران.0009-0008-9551-2864مهنازمحمودی زرندیدانشیار، گروه معماری، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران شمال، تهران، ایران.0000-0003-3623-1874فاطمهمهدیزاده سراجاستاد، گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران، تهران، ایران0000-0001-6103-5504Journal Article20240720IntroductionIn recent years, addressing climate change by significantly reducing carbon and greenhouse gas emissions has become a crucial focus for policymakers, researchers, and environmental advocates. The escalating issue of climate change, particularly carbon emissions, has garnered substantial attention within the research community. The advent of the data era has provided a robust platform for conducting and disseminating research. However, there has been a notable tendency to focus on specific topics within the broad spectrum of climate change, leaving some critical areas overlooked. To formulate effective policies and strategies, it is essential to monitor and analyze research activities related to carbon emissions accurately. This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the research landscape by analyzing publications in this field, thereby contributing to a more informed approach to future research and policy planning. MethodologyThe current study utilized a content analysis methodology combined with a bibliometric approach. This approach enabled a detailed examination of the research trends and patterns in the field of carbon emissions. The study involved a thorough review of all documents related to carbon emissions indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection database, known as WOS, covering the period from 2015 to 2024. To ensure the comprehensiveness of the search, documents were identified by searching for the term "Carbon Emissions" in the research title and author's keywords. The analysis of these documents included several key aspects: document type, publication year, WOS subject classification, top publications, co-authorship patterns and subject classification using bibliographic coupling networks and vocabulary co-occurrence networks. FindingsThe comprehensive survey on carbon emissions research reveals a substantial surge in the number of related publications over the past decade, with 2023 marking the highest number of publications in this field to date. This surge underscores the escalating global attention to environmental issues and the critical need for solutions to mitigate climate change. Geographically, China has emerged as the frontrunner in the volume of publications, highlighting the nation's substantial investment in environmental research and its active role in combating climate change. This dominance reflects China's strategic focus on sustainability and its efforts to lead global initiatives in environmental science. Notably, Qiang Wang, a researcher from China, has distinguished himself as the most prolific author in this domain. The Chinese Academy of Sciences, identified as the top contributing institution, further emphasizes the centrality of China's academic and research institutions in advancing carbon emissions research. The Web of Science classification indicates that the primary category for these documents is "green and sustainable science and technology; engineering, environment, environmental sciences." This classification underscores the interdisciplinary nature of carbon emissions research, which encompasses various scientific and engineering disciplines to address the complexities of climate change. The "Journal of Cleaner Production" has been recognized as the most prolific publisher, pivotal in disseminating research findings and advancing knowledge in the field. The content analysis of the documents revealed 16 general themes related to carbon emissions, with "urbanization and carbon emission" emerging as the most extensively explored topic. This trend reflects the growing interest in understanding the intricate relationship between urban development and environmental impact, as urbanization is a significant driver of carbon emissions. Additionally, the frequent use of terms such as "carbon emission and greenhouse gases" in these articles highlights their centrality to the discourse on climate change, emphasizing the critical need for research that addresses these key issues. Discussion and ConclusionThe results of this research underscore the significant attention that the field of carbon emissions has garnered from researchers worldwide in recent years. There has been an increased focus on critical issues such as sustainability, the environmental impacts of carbon emissions, and innovative methods to reduce carbon emissions across various industrial sectors. This growing body of research reflects the global urgency to address climate change and mitigate its adverse effects, as evidenced by the increasing number of publications and collaborative efforts among scientists, policymakers, and industry leaders. The heightened research activity indicates a widespread recognition of the critical need to develop innovative solutions that not only reduce carbon emissions but also align with sustainable development goals. One of the key items of this analysis is the noticeable decline in publications on certain topics, such as optimization and regenerative energy systems. This decline highlights a significant gap in the research landscape, pointing to the need for more focused studies on optimal energy and fuel consumption, as well as the development of renewable energy technologies. These areas are crucial for reducing carbon emissions and fostering sustainable development, as they can lead to more efficient energy use and a transition away from fossil fuels. Another important area identified in this research is the calculation and analysis of the life cycle in the context of carbon emissions. The diverse methodologies employed for these calculations necessitate advancements to ensure the provision of accurate and reliable data. Such data is critical for developing effective policies and strategies aimed at reducing carbon emissions. Accurate life cycle assessments enable policymakers and industry leaders to make informed decisions that can significantly impact carbon reduction efforts. By understanding the full environmental impact of products and processes, stakeholders can implement changes that lead to substantial reductions in carbon emissions and support the transition to a low-carbon economy. In conclusion, this study provides a detailed overview of the research landscape on carbon emissions, highlighting key trends, influential researchers, and significant institutions that are shaping the field. The findings emphasize the need for continued and diversified research efforts to address the multifaceted challenges of carbon emissions and climate change. By identifying gaps and emerging trends, this study contributes to a more informed and strategic approach to future research and policy planning in the field of carbon emissions. Addressing these research gaps will not only enhance our understanding of carbon emissions but also support the development of effective solutions to combat climate change. The ongoing efforts in this field are crucial for ensuring a sustainable future and mitigating the adverse effects of climate change on our planet, ultimately fostering a healthier environment for generations to come.در سال‌های اخیر، پرداختن به موضوع تغییرات اقلیمی و کاهش انتشار کربن به‌عنوان گزینه‌ای اجتناب‌ناپذیر مطرح شده‌است. با وجود اینکه عصر داده‌ها بستر تحقیقاتی مناسب برای تحقیقات ایجاد کرده است، برخی از حوزه‌های پژوهشی مورد کم‌توجهی پژوهشگران قرار گرفته است. بنابراین، پایش دقیق پژوهش‌های انجام‌گرفته در زمینه‌های انتشار کربن و تغییر اقلیم، به‌عنوان مبنایی برای برنامه‌ریزی آینده پژوهش‌ها، از اهمیت قابل توجهی برخوردار است. این تحقیق با هدف تجزیه وتحلیل مقالات منتشرشده، به واکاوی اسناد منتشرشده با رویکرد علم‌سنجی در حوزه انتشار کربن پرداخته‌است. بدین‌سان درباره تمامی اسناد این حوزه که طی سال‌های 2015-2024 در پایگاه وب‌آوساینس نمایه شدند از جنبه‌های: نوع سند، سال انتشار، طبقه‌بندی موضوعی، نشریات برتر، تألیفات مشترک و دسته‌بندی موضوعی به دو روش شبکه‌های جفتی کتاب‌شناختی و شبکه هم‌رخدادی واژگان تجزیه‌وتحلیل انجام گرفته‌است. نتایج بررسی نشان می‌دهند که انتشار اسناد این حوزه با سرعت زیادی در هر سال دارای پیشرفت است. بیشتر اسناد منتشره از نوع مقالات بوده، Wang Qiang پژوهشگر برتر و آکادمی علوم چین مؤسسه پیشرو در چاپ مقالات می‌باشد. "علم و فناوری سبز و پایدار؛ مهندسی، محیط‌زیست؛ علوم محیطی" طبقه برتر در اسناد حوزه انتشار کربن بوده و نشریه"Journal of Cleaner Production" بیشترین مقالات را در این حوزه منتشر نموده‌است. اسناد مورد بررسی از نظر موضوعی در 16 دسته کلی قرار می‌گیرند که "شهرنشینی و انتشار کربن" بیشتر از دیگر طبقه‌بندی‌ها و واژه "انتشار کربن و گازهای گلخانه‌ای" در مقالات این حوزه بسیار استفاده شده‌است. نتایج تحقیق، ثابت می‌کند در برخی از موضوعات مانند پایداری، اثرات زیست محیطی و یافتن راه‌هایی برای کاهش انتشار کربن در بخش‌های صنعتی شاهد توجه بیشتر بوده‌ایم. در موضوعاتی مانند بهینه‌سازی و سیستم انرژی احیاکننده شاهد کاهش اسناد منتشره در سال‌های اخیر بوده و تحقیق و پژوهش در موضوعاتی مانند مصرف بهینه، انرژی‌های تجدیدپذیر و محاسبه چرخه زندگی به‌عنوان یکی از گپ‌های مهم در تحلیل موضوعی اسناد می‌باشد.https://gmd.birjand.ac.ir/article_3247_ac45088df2e8d3cd2d8fbafceb920878.pdfدانشگاه بیرجندمطالعات مدیریت توسعه سبز2981-24024220250723Assessing the Impact of Climate Change on Water Conflicts and the Perception of Water Specialists regarding Conflict Management Strategies in ZayandehRud sub-basinsارزیابی اثر تغییر اقلیم بر تضادهای آب و دیدگاه کارشناسان آب در مورد راهبردهای مدیریت آن در زیر حوضه‌های زاینده‌رود141162331710.22077/jgdms.2024.7373.1140FAلادننادریدانش آموخته دکتری توسعه کشاورزی، گروه ترویج، ارتباطات و توسعه روستایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران0009-0005-3248-944Xاسماعیلکرمی دهکردیدانشیار گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران0000-0003-4768-7084محمدبادساردانشیار گروه ترویج، ارتباطات و توسعه روستایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران0000-0002-0264-9116مهردادمقدسدکتری سازه‌های آبی، شرکت آب منطقه‌ای استان اصفهان، ایران0009-0005-3248-944XJournal Article20240523IntroductionThe water crisis is a critical challenge, caused or intensified by various direct factors, particularly, limited resources, climate change, periodic droughts, hydrological conditions, environmental changes, population and consumption growth, the increased demand for water, and excessive use of resources that this will require management. However, water resource management has always had problems due to the uncertainty of weather conditions. Climate change has always been a big challenge for human livelihood, but climate change caused by human activities is a new dimension of these challenges. Evidence shows that climate change will hurt the livelihoods of millions of people around the world. Rural communities in developing countries are more exposed to climate change due to the high dependence of their livelihoods on climate change and their low capacity to adapt to changes. Climate change can create preparations for conflict between different stakeholders by reducing their access to water resources directly and indirectly. The evidence shows that the conflicts caused by the water crisis are increasing in vulnerable areas, including Iran. The ZayandehRud Basin, an important basin in the central plateau of Iran, has faced a crisis in water supply due to various factors. The water supply in the municipality, industry, and agriculture sectors has also faced challenges, causing the intensification of sub-basin conflicts over water supply within a basin between stakeholders. This research aims to assess climate change's impact on the intensification of conflicts caused by the water crisis and conflict management strategies in the upstream and downstream ZayandehRud sub-basins. MethodologySome areas in the sub-basins of ZayandehRud were assessed in this research. This basin is in the middle part of the central plateau where the ZayandehRud River is located. The ZayandehRud River is the main water supply of the region and on the way to the Gavkhoni wetland, it passes through many plains and lands. The Zayandeh Rud Basin has faced a crisis in water supply in recent years due to human and climatic factors. This crisis has reduced stakeholders’ access to water in the municipal, industry, and agriculture sectors, intensifying conflicts among multiple stakeholders in the basin. This research was conducted in two steps. In the first step, a trend analysis based on a time series of secondary data obtained from synoptic weather stations (Kohrang Township in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province and Isfahan Township) to assess the average annual rainfall and the severity of drought in different years. In the second step, interviews with managers and experts related to water resources management about the occurrence of climate change in the conflict of water in the upstream and downstream sub-basins were evaluated. FindingsThe trends of rainfall variables and drought severity were analyzed in two synoptic stations located in the upstream sub-basins (Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province) and the downstream (Isfahan province). The results showed that the average monthly rainfall in the two sub-basins of ZayandehRud fluctuated and did not have the same trend. The amount of precipitation in the Kohrang Station is decreasing and this station has a higher drought intensity than the Isfahan Station. according to the results obtained from the stations of the two cities, the number of snowy days has decreased significantly in Kohrang and Isfahan. These changes have been important in Kohrang city due to the source of water supply for the whole basin, and any change in the amount of precipitation (rain and snow) in this sub-basin will affect the water supply of the whole basin. On the other hand, by examining the views of the respondents, the indicators of environmental factors related to the conflicts caused by the water crisis were categorized as common concepts. According to the codes, experts pointed to environmental factors such as the decrease in rainfall, the decline in snow deposits under the upstream basin, and the increase in temperature and evaporation. Discussion and ConclusionThe assessment of precipitation in two sub-basins showed that the precipitation variabilities and drought intensification have significantly increased the water crisis in the basin in the last few years. Water specialists have also emphasized climate changes, including the decrease in rainfall, reduction of snow deposits, and the increase in temperature as environmental factors affecting the intensity of tensions in the ZayandehRud basin. Finally, many strategies were proposed to manage the conflict in the sub-basins. However, the effectiveness of the strategies requires their appropriateness with the conditions and the nature of the conflict in the basin. Moreover, it is necessary to use several approaches to manage water conflicts that are not only for farmers or sub-basin experts but for all the basin’s stakeholders in water resources management. The stakeholders should also develop their ability to manage water use to maintain the quality and quantity of water consumed. Moreover, their awareness about water saving should be improved. Finally, people's attitudes and behaviors should be directed towards water-saving using different strategies. The most important proposed strategies, listed in order of priority, include: reforming cultivation patterns, creating a new management system for the entire basin, enhancing monitoring of policy and strategy implementation, reshaping stakeholders' attitudes, prioritizing the benefits of stakeholders, and adopting new operational strategies.مناقشات مرتبط با آب در سطوح مختلف به‌دلیل عوامل انسانی و محیطی افزایش یافته‌است. از آنجایی که این تعارض‌ها به‌ندرت متأثر از یک عامل هستند، لازم است تضادها و تلاش‌های همزمان برای مدیریت آنها ارزیابی شود. این نیازمند آگاهی از روابط پیچیده و عوامل مؤثر بر آنها می‌باشد. این مقاله ارتباط بین تغییر اقلیم و مناقشات در زیرحوضه‌های زاینده‌رود را ارزیابی نموده و دیدگاه کارشناسان مرتبط با منابع آب را در مورد تأثیر تغییر اقلیم و راهبردهای مدیریت تضادهای آب ناشی از تغییر اقلیم در یک حوضه آبریز بررسی می‌کند. این پژوهش در دو مرحله تحلیل روند داده‌های ثانویه حاصل از ایستگاه‌های هواشناسی سینوپتیک در دو زیر حوضه و بررسی نظر کارشناسان انجام گردید. تحلیل روند داده‌های میانگین بارش باران و برف سالانه و شدت خشکسالی در سال‌های مختلف و تحلیل مضمون دیدگاه کارشناسان نشان دادند که نوسانات بارش و افزایش شدت خشکسالی‌ها در سال‌های اخیر در زیر حوضه‌های زاینده‌رود باعث کاهش منابع آب‌های سطحی و زیرزمینی شده و متعاقباً موجب کاهش دسترسی ذینفعان بر منابع و افزایش مناقشات بین کنشگران مختلف در زیرحوضه‌ها شده‌است. مهم‌ترین راهبردهای پیشنهادی به‌ترتیب اولویت عبارتند از: اصلاح الگوی کشت، تشکیل نظام مدیریتی جدید در کل حوضه، افزایش نظارت بر اجرای سیاست‌ها و راهبردها، تغییر نگرش ذینفعان، ارجحیت تأمین منافع ذینفعان، و به‌کارگیری راهبردهای عملیاتی جدید.https://gmd.birjand.ac.ir/article_3317_2c758933af02c0b301906f2819ae1268.pdfدانشگاه بیرجندمطالعات مدیریت توسعه سبز2981-24024220250723The Role of Environmental Concern, Future-Oriented Planning, and Destination Image in Students' Tendency towards Ecotourism: A Case Study of Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjanنقش نگرانی زیست‌محیطی، برنامه‌ریزی آینده‌نگر و تصویر مقصد در گرایش دانشجویان به گردشگری سبز؛ مطالعه موردی دانشگاه ولی‌عصر رفسنجان163178331910.22077/jgdms.2024.7637.1137FAمحمدعلیزادهاستادیار گروه ایران‌شناسی، دانشکده ایران‌شناسی، دانشگاه ولی‌عصر رفسنجان، رفسنجان، ایران0000-0002-1043-2996زهراباقی آبادیدانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی گردشگری، گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران0009-0000-4767-0800مژدهپاسیارکارشناس ارشد مدیریت جهانگردی، گروه گردشگری، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه علم و هنر یزد، یزد، ایران0009-0000-7912-7802سعیدهاسماعیلیاستادیار، گروه سیاستگذاری و توسعه گردشگری، دانشکده گردشگری، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران0000-0003-3282-9625Journal Article20240519IntroductionTourism is one of the basic human needs and it makes people renew their strength to do their daily work, and this issue has led to the development of tourism (Putri, 2018). According to the results of the research published by the World Tourism Organization (2019), nowadays traveling to tourist destinations is not a strange thing, but has become a part of people's daily life. Several studies show that tourists view the environment as a key factor in the quality of their travel experience (Goodwin& Francis, 2003). Ecotourism is considered as the most comprehensive alternative approach that can bring economic development and environmental protection and welfare to the society at the same time as a panacea (Khan et al., 2022) and by emphasizing the authenticity and preservation of traditional ways, promote cultural exchange (Quynh et al., 2021) and have an impact on the image of the destination, so that by highlighting natural beauty, biodiversity and conservation efforts, it shows the destinations as environmentally responsible and attractive (Nowacki et al., 2021). The positive image of the destination leads tourists who are concerned and aware of the environment to choose destinations that prioritize environmental protection and sustainable development (Nowacki et al., 2021). And awareness of this matter is important for managers, marketers and tourism activists of destinations, in order to show a favorable and green image (Ting (Tina) Li et al, 2021). One of the sections of the society that play an important role in informing the society is the academic class, especially the students. Society accepts academics as reference groups. In this regard, the research aims to investigate the opinion of students of Valiasr University of Rafsanjan towards ecotourism. The main question of the current research is what is the relationship between the attitude of the students of this university in the field of environmental concerns, planning for the future and the image of the destination and Ecotourism intention? MethodologyThis article is of descriptive-analytical type and is considered as applied research. According to Saunders research onion, this research is one of positivist and positivist research in terms of research philosophy. The research strategy is survey research because the research tool is a questionnaire. The statistical population of the research includes students of different academic levels (bachelor's, master's and doctorate) of Valiasr University in Rafsanjan. Random sampling was simple and 400 questionnaires were completed electronically. The four constructs of this research include environmental concerns (3 questions), planning for the future (4 questions), destination image (4 questions), Ecotourism intention (4 questions). The data analysis tool is Smart-PLS structural equation software. This software is a powerful tool for data analysis and modeling and is especially used in social sciences such as management and tourism. This software tests hypotheses and evaluates relationships between variables well. FindingsAccording to the obtained results, the impact of planning for the future on the desire for ecotourism trips and environmental concern has been rejected. However, two hypotheses of the effect of the image of tourist destinations on the desire for ecotourism trips and the image of ecotourism destinations on environmental concern have been confirmed. But the environmental concern on the desire for ecotourism trips was not confirmed. According to the results of the research, the hypotheses regarding the influence of future planning on the propensity for ecotourism and environmental concern were rejected. However, the influence of destination image on ecotourism propensity and the influence of ecotourism destination image on environmental concern were both confirmed. Notably, the hypothesis that environmental concern affects ecotourism propensity was not supported. Discussion and ConclusionThis research examines the views of the students of Valiasr University in Rafsanjan in the field of ecotourism issues. According to the research literature, ecotourists or those interested in ecotourism activities have different characteristics compared to mass tourists. According to the results of this research, concern for environmental issues does not have much effect on the desire for ecotourism trips, and these results are inconsistent with the research and views of Allcock & Evans-Smith (1994), who believes that ecotourists seek environmental sustainability, as Demeritt (2002) believes. The meanings of nature should be interpreted in a cultural way, and in this regard, this difference should be analyzed in a cultural context. But it is in line with the research of Swarbrooke & Horner (2007), who believe that irresponsible green tourists are recognized as an important part of ecotourists. Incidentally, Dolnicar et al. (2008) consider these tourists to be highly educated. The effect of planning for the future on the desire for ecotourism trips and environmental concern was not confirmed. In fact, previous studies such as Strathman et al. (1994) showed that forward-looking people with a long-term perspective are more interested in nature protection, which was not confirmed in the present study, and as mentioned in the previous material, this issue is due to It is one of the cultural differences and macro conditions governing the academic society.But the two important hypotheses of this research that were confirmed are the impact of the image of tourist destinations on the desire for ecotourism trips and environmental concerns, and this issue can be well explained and interpreted because the purely aesthetic view of nature is in all people, whether they are mass tourists or not. Ecotourists can be seen, which is in line with the results of Zhang & Xu (2020) and Shahhosseini (2012), who believe that one of the important components of ecotourists is aesthetic experience and visiting nature. In fact, students engage in ecotourism activities only because of the benefits of nature, and their environmental concern is stimulated when the aesthetic aspect of nature is attacked. In line with the results of the research, the following suggestions are presented:Academics have important effects on the process of social and cultural development, so it is suggested to hold educational courses in universities in order to understand the concepts of ecotourism and the value of nature.The capacity of scientific associations and centers in universities should be used to the maximum, because the presenters of these programs are students and the effectiveness of these programs is high.Organizing nature trips for students with experienced professors to explain the intrinsic value of nature to students.گردشگری یکی از نیازهای اساسی انسان است و باعث می‌شود که مردم برای انجام کارهای روزمره تجدید قوا نمایند و همین مسئله موجب توسعه گردشگری شده‌است. یکی از مهم‌ترین موضوعات در روند توسعه گردشگری مسائل زیست‌محیطی است. در این راستا پژوهش قصد دارد نظر دانشجویان دانشگاه ولی‌عصر رفسنجان به اکوتوریسم و مسائل زیست‌محیطی مرتبط با آن را مورد بررسی قرار دهد. سؤال اصلی پژوهش حاضر این است که چه رابطه‌ای میان نگرش دانشجویان این دانشگاه در زمینه نگرانی‌های زیست‌محیطی، برنامه‌ریزی برای آینده و تصویر مقصد و ارتباط آن با تمایل به اکوتوریسم وجود دارد؟ روش پژوهش از نوع روش‌های کمی است. استراتژی پژوهش به‌صورت پیمایشی و ابزار گردآوری داده‌ها، پرسشنامه است. جامعه آماری پژوهش، دانشجویان دانشگاه ولی‌عصر رفسنجان هستند این دانشگاه حدود 8000 نفر دانشجو دارد لذا تعداد 370 پرسشنامه به‌صورت الکترونیکی تکمیل شد. ابزار تحلیل داده‌ها نرم‌افزار Smart-PLS است. نتایج این پژوهش نشان‌می‌دهد که تصویر از مقصدهای اکوتوریستی تأثیر مثبت و معناداری بر تمایل به سفرهای اکوتوریستی و نگرانی‌های زیست‌محیطی دارند اما نگرانی زیست‌محیطی و برنامه‌ریزی برای آینده نقش چندانی بر تمایل به سفرهای اکوتوریستی ندارند.https://gmd.birjand.ac.ir/article_3319_8a1d694707eb0fefe65871369074926d.pdfدانشگاه بیرجندمطالعات مدیریت توسعه سبز2981-24024220250723The Framework for Manager Selection Based on Sustainable Governance Using Political Marketingارائه چارچوب انتخاب مدیر در راستای حکمرانی پایدار با استفاده از بازاریابی سیاسی179198332010.22077/jgdms.2024.7646.1139FAطهمورثحسنقلی پور یاسوریاستاد، گروه مدیریت، دانشکده مدیریت دانشگاه تهران، ایران.0000-0002-7655-825Xفیروزخدابخشیدانشجوی دکتری، مدیریت بازرگانی/بازاریابی، دانشکده مدیریت، دانشگاه تهران، ایران.0009-0003-4799-5922ابراهیمبهمنیدانشجوی دکتری، علوم سیاسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.0009-0003-1668-7492Journal Article20240520IntroductionThe emergence of the theory of political marketing can be seen as the result of combining the knowledge of marketing and politics. Since the main goal of political marketing is to facilitate exchange and create benefits for political groups, in this process, special tools and approaches are considered, the effective use of which makes political marketing different from other areas, such as product marketing. By reviewing the governance literature as well as the sustainability literature, it is clear that the role of managers in the realization of sustainable governance and specifically the antecedents of the selection of managers in this form of governance has been largely ignored. Meanwhile, managers play one of the most key roles in realizing sustainable development. Therefore, in the present research, this issue is discussed and explained. On the other hand, as mentioned above, the process of selecting senior managers in organizations includes a set of political behaviors that are carried out by interested parties; From this point of view, political marketing actions can have a potential impact on the selection of the manager; A category that has been less discussed in previous researches. By entering the mentioned field, this article provides new insights and perspectives regarding the effects of political marketing on sustainable governance through the selection of managers. This research has been done with the aim of providing a framework for manager selection in line with sustainable governance using political marketing. MethodologyConsidering that the main purpose of this research is to provide a model for the selection of managers in line with sustainable governance by using political marketing, it can be said that the current research is in the scope of developmental research. In terms of approach, this research is under exploratory studies. Based on this, using the qualitative approach, dimensions, components and indicators affecting the selection of the manager in line with sustainable governance are identified using political marketing and a research model is designed. In the following, partial least squares method is used to validate the model. In the qualitative phase of the research, a group of public administration experts were selected and interviewed. The selected samples had at least two of the following four criteria: have a doctorate degree with at least ten years of work experience and experience in the field of research objectives. have the necessary knowledge and mastery regarding political marketing and the tools and techniques of its application in the field of organization management. Have authorships, articles, research and educational activities, relevant education and experience related to the field of political market. Sampling has been done using the snowball method. The sampling of experts in this research has continued until the discovery and analysis process reaches the theoretical saturation point. This research has reached theoretical saturation by conducting 15 interviews. The statistical population in the quantitative section includes all employees of the Ministry of Interior (N=226). Using Cochran's formula, a sample size of 143 people is selected. Sampling is available. In order to collect data in the qualitative part, a semi-structured interview method was used, and in the quantitative part, a questionnaire based on a 5-point Likert scale with six dimensions and 33 items was used (the dimensions of the questionnaire were determined based on the components identified in the qualitative part). In order to determine the validity and reliability of the interviews, two methods of retesting and double coder agreement were used. In this research, thematic analysis method was used to analyze qualitative data. Data analysis has been done in the qualitative section using Maxqda software. Also, Smart PLS software was used for validation with PLS method. FindingsBased on the results obtained in the qualitative phase, overarching themes including relational factors, socio-cultural factors, legal factors, marketing factors and financial factors were identified. Based on the results obtained from the validation of the model in the quantitative part, while confirming all the research hypotheses, it was found that the model proposed in this research is valid. Discussion and ConclusionRelational factors were identified as one of the factors influencing the selection of managers in the direction of sustainable governance using political marketing. The result shows that the ability to establish a relationship with decision-making groups and interest groups has a great impact on the selection of managers. In fact, the process of selecting a manager as well as political marketing, both are basically based on establishing a relationship with the target groups, which is done either through trust building or through attractiveness (promising and creating expectations in the audience). As stated earlier (Radnitz, 2011), a large part of political behavior in an organization is done to form a network of relationships between different groups. Socio-cultural factors are another group of factors whose influence on the choice of manager in line with sustainable governance has been confirmed by using political marketing. In this regard, categories including education and learning and organizational culture are involved. In this regard, it has already been mentioned that the realization of sustainable governance largely depends on the culture of the organization (Del Giso et al., 2024; Bandelov et al., 2022). Legal and regulatory factors are another group of factors that influence the choice of managers in line with sustainable governance using political marketing. The realization of sustainable governance - or the selection of a manager who steps in the direction of sustainable governance - partly depends on the laws and regulations supporting sustainable development. For example, in the political marketing campaigns that have been launched in the United States since the beginning of the 21st century, part of the candidates' promises have been directed to environmental issues (Sherman et al., 2016). Similarly, Masilo et al. (2018) have also introduced political marketing strategies as an essential factor to strengthen the sustainability of private organizations. In addition to the above, political marketing measures in themselves also have an impact on the selection of managers in line with sustainable governance. This finding shows that political marketing measures should have maximum appeal, logic and effectiveness in order to put a candidate in the management seat. Sophocles et al. (2024) point out in their study that political marketing is more effective when it can present its messages in an "audience-friendly" way to the target community. In the study of Stromer-Gali et al. (2021), the positive relationship between the creation of appropriate advertising content and the attraction of votes in the US presidential elections is also mentioned, which is consistent with the findings of the present study. Finally, financial factors were identified as another factor influencing the selection of managers in the direction of sustainable governance using political marketing. Advertising campaigns, especially those defined under political marketing, need a lot of financial support in order to attract a larger part of influential people (voters or people involved in the process of selecting the manager). For example, Henison (2010) conducted a case study in Ghana's presidential election and concluded that financial shortages are one of the reasons for the failure of political campaigns. Similarly, in the study of Newman et al. (2022), financial factors have been introduced as a key factor in the success of political marketing, which is consistent with the results obtained in this study.این پژوهش با هدف ارائه چارچوب انتخاب مدیر در راستای حکمرانی پایدار با استفاده از بازاریابی سیاسی انجام شده‌است. تحقیق حاضر از لحاظ هدف، از نوع تحقیقات کاربردی و از نظر نوع روش، و از لحاظ روش جمع‌آوری داده‌ها از نوع تحقیق آمیخته می‌باشد، بر این اساس ابتدا با استفاده از رویکرد کیفی ابعاد، مولفه‌ها و شاخص‌های عوامل دخیل در انتخاب مدیر در راستای حکمرانی پایدار شناسایی شده و مدل اولیه تحقیق طراحی شده‌است. سپس با استفاده از تکنیک حداقل مربعات جزئی نسبت به اعتبارسنجی مدل پیشنهادی اقدام شد. نمونه آماری در بخش کیفی دربرگیرنده 15 نفر از حوزه مدیریت دولتی بوده که حجم نمونه بر پایه رسیدن به اشباع نظری تعیین شد. نمونه آماری در بخش کمی دربرگیرنده 143 نفر از کارکنان وزارت کشور است. گردآوری داده‌ها در بخش کیفی با روش مصاحبه نیمه ساختاریافته و در بخش کمی با استفاده از پرسشنامه انجام شده‌است. تحلیل داده‌ها در فاز کیفی با روش تحلیل مضمون و نرم‌افزار مکس‌کیودا نسخه 2020 و در بخش کمی با تکنیک حداقل مربعات جزئی و نرم‌افزار اسمارت پی. ال. اس نسخه 3 انجام شد. بر اساس نتایج به‌دست آمده در فاز کیفی، مضامین فراگیر شامل عوامل رابطه‌ای، عوامل اجتماعی فرهنگی، عوامل قانونی، عوامل بازاریابی و عوامل مالی شناسایی شدند. بر اساس نتایج به‌دست‌آمده از اعتبارسنجی مدل در بخش کمی، ضمن تایید تمامی فرضیه‌های تحقیق مشخص شد که مدل پیشنهادی در این پژوهش از اعتبار مناسب برخوردار است.https://gmd.birjand.ac.ir/article_3320_36ed197b3f31618fdbadb3df86f804bd.pdfدانشگاه بیرجندمطالعات مدیریت توسعه سبز2981-24024220250723Investigating the Impact of Financial Development and Development Management on Economic Growth and Environmental Qualityبررسی تأثیر توسعه مالی و مدیریت توسعه بر رشد اقتصادی و کیفیت محیط‌زیست199222332410.22077/jgdms.2024.7800.1157FAسمیرامتقیدانشیار، گروه اقتصاد، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی، تهران، ایران0000-0001-8572-4355مهدیرستمی پائین افراکتیدانشجوی دکتری، گروه اقتصاد، دانشگاه پیام‌نور، تهران، ایران0009-0006-7116-1583جوادجدی دلشاددانشجوی دکتری، گروه اقتصاد، دانشگاه پیام‌نور، تهران، ایران0009-0001-2912-6892Journal Article20240629IntroductionManagement of economic development and growth is a complex and multifaceted process that plans, implements and monitors measures to improve the living standards of people in a specific country or region. This requires a deep understanding of economic, social and political factors affecting development as well as the ability to formulate and implement effective policies. The key elements of economic development and growth management are: 1 setting goals: the first step in managing economic development and growth is to set clear and measurable goals. These goals should be aligned with the needs and desires of the people of the region and should be realistic considering the available resources and capacities.2 Formulation of strategy: after determining the goals, strategies must be formulated to achieve them. These strategies should include specific actions, timelines, and resources needed.3 Implementation of plans: after developing the strategy, plans must be implemented. This requires coordination and cooperation between different government departments, private sector and civil society.4 Monitoring and evaluation: The progress towards the goals should be monitored and evaluated regularly. This helps in identifying challenges and opportunities and making necessary adjustments in the programs. The financial sector and the variable of financial development play a central role in economic development and growth. And due to playing an intermediary role in allocating resources with all sectors of the economy, through reducing financing costs and encouraging savings and their effective use, it has a major contribution to long-term economic growth. The government in export countries By relying on oil income, the oil producer has the possibility of entering the financial markets and making various changes in it. The main goal of the policy makers of such changes is to stimulate economic growth. However, the studies conducted in this field show that financial development does not necessarily lead to economic growth. Patrick believes that the relationship of financial development and economic growth depends on the degree of development of each country. In the initial stages of development, the improvement of financial services and the expansion of new financial instruments and changes in the financial structure led to economic growth, and in the continuation of the process of economic development, financial developments follow the demand for it, and the demand for newer types of financial instruments and services is a determining factor. Statistical analysis of the relationship between financial development and economic growth has been done in different ways, including cross-country studies (using cross-sectional data). These studies can lead to false estimates. And on the other hand, there are a lot of restrictions in them. This research is carried out in two parts: the first part examines the main drivers of economic growth and the second part examines the relationship between carbon emissions and its determinants. In this regard, an important question that is raised here is the effect of development management and financial development on economic growth in Iran. Also, in this research, it has been tried to investigate the long-term effects of financial development and development management on environmental pollution (environmental quality). A better understanding of the relationship between financial development and management of development and the environment can help planners and policymakers in determining and approving environmental policies. MethodologyAccording to the purpose of the present research, which is to investigate the impact of financial development and development management on economic growth and development and environmental performance in Iran. For this purpose, using the data collected during the period from 2002 to 2022 and the auto-regression model with distribution breaks (ARDL), two economic growth models and environmental contamination models have been estimated. So, the following two models are presented:Model 1: RGDP = f (GOV, FD, Energy, Une)Model 2: CO2P = f (GOV, FD, Open, GDP)The variables of the model (1) economic growth and (2) model of environmental pollution are defined as follows.GDP, gross domestic product is collected at the price of the base year 2017, which is in dollars. FD is an index of financial development that is used as the ratio of the number of facilities granted by banks to the private sector to the GDP. GOV, the index of development management, which is used in this research as the index of good governance, and is obtained from a total of six criteria. Une, indicating the unemployment rate as a percentage of the country's workforce who are unemployed. Energy is an indication of the consumption of energy resources in a specific time period (usually yearly). Open, the index of trade openness, which is the sum of imports and exports compared to the gross domestic product. Currency shows the real purchasing power of one country's money compared to another country's money. According to the logarithmic form of model (1), economic growth is rewritten as follows:Model 3: ln (GDP) t=β0 +∑pi=1 β1ln (Energy) t-i +∑q1i=1 β2(FD) t-i +∑q2i=1 β3 (Gov) t-i +∑q3i=1 β4(UNe) t-i + ∑q4i=1 μ0(GDP)t-1 + μ1 (Energy)t-1 + μ2 (FD) t-1 + μ3 (Gov)t-1+ μ4 (UNe)t-1 + εtAlso, based on the logarithmic form of model (2), greenhouse gas emissions are rewritten as follows:Model 4: ln (CO2) t= ϒ0 +∑pi=1 ϒ1ln (Gov) t-i +∑q1i=1 ϒ2(FD) t-i +∑q2i=1 ϒ3 (GDP) t-i +∑q3i=1 ϒ4(Open) t-i + μ0(CO2) t-1 + μ1 (Gov)t-1 + μ2 (FD) t-1 + μ3 (GDP)t-1+ μ4 (Open)t-1 + εtThe variables in this research are time series and cover the time period 2002-2022. The variables of gross domestic product, development management index, unemployment and economic openness index were extracted from the World Bank. The variable data of per capita energy consumption were extracted from the International Energy Center (IDE) and finally, the variable of financial development index was collected from the Central Bank of Iran. FindingsThe findings of the research indicate the positive impact of financial development on economic growth and reducing environmental damage. Also, the coefficient of the development management index was not significant in the two economic growth models and the environmental pollution model, which is due to the gap between environmental standards and the lack of appropriate institutions and laws in this field. Per capita energy consumption and unemployment in the economic growth model have a positive and significant relationship. The variables of trade openness and gross domestic product also have a positive and consistent effect on environmental degradation. Discussion and ConclusionFinancial development leads to higher efficiency of financial markets and makes economic growth smoother by improving resource allocation. Financial development from different channels can have a positive effect on economic growth. A developed financial system can allocate financial resources more efficiently to productive investments and affect economic growth through increasing productivity. It can also be mentioned the effect of financial development in facilitating adaptation and the use of advanced technologies in the energy sector and subsequently reducing carbon dioxide emissions (due to the effect of increasing technological efficiency). Accordingly, despite the development in the financial field of a country, investment in technology increases the efficiency of the energy sector in that country. Therefore, the mentioned article proves and confirms the non-significance of the development management index with environmental pollution that we found in the present study. Finally, the results of the research showed that the opening of the commercial grade will lead to an increase in environmental pollution and destruction.رشد اقتصادی یکی از مهم‌ترین اهداف و شاخص‌های کلیدی توسعه محسوب‌می‌شود. مدیریت توسعه نقشی اساسی در ایجاد شرایط لازم برای دستیابی به رشد اقتصادی پایدار و فراگیر ایفا می‌کند. مدیریت توسعه و توسعه مالی دو عامل کلیدی هستند که بر رشد اقتصادی و آلودگی‌های زیست‌محیطی یک کشور یا منطقه تأثیر می‌گذارند. سیاست‌های مناسب مدیریت توسعه و توسعه مالی می‌توانند به‌طور همزمان رشد اقتصادی و بهبود کیفیت محیط‌زیست را فراهم آورد. توسعه مالی، به‌واسطه فراهم‌کردن منابع مالی موردنیاز برای تشکیل واحدهای تحقیق و توسعه مجهز تر و پیشرفته‌تر و همچنین امکان دسترسی به تکنولوژی‌های کارا تر و سازگارتر با محیط‌زیست که نیاز به منابع مالی بیشتر دارند، امکان جذب سرمایه‌گذاری مستقیم خارجیِ بیشتر، همراه آلودگی کمتر را فراهم می‌سازد و از این روش رسیدن به رشد اقتصادی را ایجاد می‌کند. هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی تأثیر مدیریت توسعه و توسعه مالی بر رشد و توسعه اقتصادی و عملکرد محیط‌زیست در کشور ایران می‌باشد. به همین منظور با استفاده از داده‌های جمع‌آوری شده طی دوره زمانی 2002 تا 2022 و الگوی خود بازگشت با وقفه‌های توزیعی به برآورد و تخمین دو مدل رشد اقتصادی و مدل آلودگی‌های محیط‌زیستی پرداخته شده‌است. یافته‌های پژوهش حاکی از تأثیر مثبت توسعه مالی بر رشد اقتصادی و کاهش تخریب‌های محیط‌زیستی است. همچنین ضریب شاخص مدیریت توسعه در دو مدل رشد اقتصادی و مدل آلودگی محیط‌زیستی معنادار نشد که به‌دلیل فاصله داشتن استانداردهای محیط‌زیستی و فقدان نهادها و قوانین مناسب در این حوزه می‌باشد. سرانه مصرف انرژی و بیکاری در مدل رشد اقتصادی دارای ارتباط مثبت و معنادار شدند. متغیرهای بازبودن تجاری و تولید ناخالص داخلی نیز اثری مستقیم و همسو بر تخریب محیط‌زیست دارند. https://gmd.birjand.ac.ir/article_3324_3ce6d3c8830d27ec2e6a1936ecbaa514.pdfدانشگاه بیرجندمطالعات مدیریت توسعه سبز2981-24024220250723Construction and Validation of Green Marketing Mixes Measurement Tool in Sports Tourismساخت و اعتباریابی ابزار سنجش آمیخته‌های بازاریابی سبز در گردشگری ورزشی223240332610.22077/jgdms.2024.7858.1163FAکوثرخزاعیدانشجوی کارشناس ارشد مدیریت گردشگری و رویداد ورزشی، گروه علوم ورزشی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزش، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایرانسیده عذرامیرکاظمیدانشیار گروه علوم ورزشی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزش، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران0000-0002-2064-7261محمد علیصاحبکاراناستادیار گروه علوم ورزشی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزش، دانشگاه بیرجند،بیرجند، ایران0000-0003-1499-7211Journal Article20240708IntroductionIn contemporary society, the conservation of natural resources and the mitigation of environmental pollution have become pressing global concerns. Marketing, as a discipline dedicated to understanding and fulfilling human needs, plays a pivotal role in identifying these concerns and shaping consumer attitudes toward sustainability. By leveraging the marketing mix framework, organizations can promote environmentally responsible behaviors and enhance ecological awareness. The present study aims to develop and validate a comprehensive instrument for measuring the green marketing mix in the context of sports tourism. MethodologyThis research employed an applied, exploratory mixed-methods design. Data were collected through a two-phase field study—qualitative and quantitative—to identify and evaluate green marketing mix components in sports tourism. In the qualitative phase, a comprehensive review of relevant literature yielded ten core constructs, which were operationalized into 45 initial items. These items were refined using the Delphi method, with input from domain experts, until theoretical saturation was achieved. Following the consolidation of overlapping items and elimination of redundant ones, a 38-item questionnaire was developed, using a five-point Likert scale (ranging from very low to very high). Kendall’s W test confirmed expert consensus (W = 0.129, p < 0.05). Instrument validity was assessed through content validity ratio (CVR), content validity index (CVI), and average variance extracted (AVE), while reliability was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability. For the quantitative phase, the finalized questionnaire was administered to a random sample of 384 sports tourists in South Khorasan Province—individuals participating in sporting events or visiting natural sports tourism sites such as mountains and deserts—selected according to the Krejcie and Morgan sampling table. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were conducted using SPSS 22 and AMOS 22, respectively. FindingsAll items demonstrated acceptable content validity, with CVR > 0.59, CVI > 0.79, and AVE > 0.50. The instrument exhibited high reliability, with Cronbach’s alpha = 0.964 and composite reliability = 0.973. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure was above 0.70, and Bartlett’s test of sphericity was statistically significant (p < 0.001), confirming the suitability of the data for factor analysis. EFA, employing principal component analysis and varimax rotation, revealed a 10-factor structure: *Green Product Quality* (3 items), *Green Product Design* (2 items), *Environmental Green Responsibility* (4 items), *Green Price* (3 items), *Green Place* (3 items), *Green Promotion* (3 items), *Green Process* (5 items), *Green People* (5 items), *Green Policies and Planning* (5 items), and *Green Participation* (3 items). Subsequent CFA confirmed the robustness of the factor structure, with all items loading significantly (λ > 0.50, t > 1.96, p < 0.05). The model demonstrated excellent fit across multiple goodness-of-fit indices (e.g., CFI > 0.95, TLI > 0.95, RMSEA < 0.06, SRMR < 0.08). Discussion and ConclusionDespite the growing emphasis on green marketing in tourism, the domain of sports tourism has received limited scholarly attention regarding the conceptualization and measurement of green marketing mix elements. This study addresses this gap by developing and validating a reliable, theory-driven instrument tailored to the sports tourism context. The findings confirm that the proposed questionnaire possesses strong psychometric properties and represents a valid and reliable tool for assessing green marketing practices in sports tourism. As such, it offers a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners aiming to promote sustainability within this rapidly evolving sector.هدف پژوهش حاضر، ساخت و اعتباریابی ابزاری جهت سنجش و اندازه‌گیری آمیخته‌های بازاریابی سبز در گردشگری ورزشی بود. برای انجام آن از روش آمیخته اکتشافی استفاده شد. در بخش کیفی با استفاده از روش دلفی، سؤالات در معرض داوری 11 نفر از خبرگان مرتبط با موضوع تحقیق قرار گرفت. بعد از ادغام برخی از سؤالات و حذف آن دسته از سؤالات که به تشخیص افراد ذی‌صلاح مرتبط با موضوع نبود، پرسشنامه با تعداد 38 سؤال در طیف پنج امتیازی لیکرت تنظیم شد. روایی پرسشنامه از طریق محاسبه CVR، CVI، AVE و اعتبار آن از طریق آلفای کرونباخ و پایایی ترکیبی بررسی و تایید شد. در مرحله کمی، جامعه آماری شامل کلیه گردشگران ورزشی در استان خراسان جنوبی بود. حجم نمونه، بر اساس جدول کرجسی و مورگان 384 نفر در نظر گرفته شد. به روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی ساده پرسشنامه‌ها بین گردشگران ورزشی توزیع و جمع آوری شد. جهت تجزیه و تحلیل نتایج از آمار توصیفی برای توصیف داده‌ها، از آزمون بارتلت برای تعیین کفایت نمونه‌گیری و از تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی و تاییدی برای تعیین اعتبار سازه در نرم افزارهای Spss22 و AMOS22 استفاده شد. از نتایج تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی با روش مؤلفه‌های اصلی و چرخش واریماکس، 10 عامل کیفیت محصول سبز، سبک محصول سبز، مسئولیت زیست‌محیطی سبز، قیمت سبز، مکان سبز، تبلیغات سبز، فرایند سبز، افراد سبز، سیاست و برنامه ریزی سبز و مشارکت سبز به‌دست آمد. مقادیر KMO (نشان دهنده کفایت نمونه‌گیری) برابر با 965/0 و آزمون کرویت بارتلت برابر با 601/7589، (0001/0> P) و مقدار کل ارزش ویژه مقیاس 38 سؤالی برابر با 1، به‌دست آمد. نتایج این مطالعه نشان‌می‌دهد که پرسشنامه آمیخته‌های بازاریابی سبز در گردشگری ورزشی از روایی و پایایی رضایت بخشی برخوردار است؛ در نتیجه می‌تواند ابزار مناسبی برای ارزیابی آمیخته‌های بازاریابی سبز در گردشگری ورزشی باشد.https://gmd.birjand.ac.ir/article_3326_dba132f6ab6a3e3d17a8d59e82105f4c.pdfدانشگاه بیرجندمطالعات مدیریت توسعه سبز2981-24024220250723Analysis and Ranking of Factors Influencing Sustainable Economic Development in Rural Settlements of Fars Provinceتحلیل و رتبه‌بندی عوامل مؤثر در توسعه پایدار اقتصادی سکونتگاه‌های روستایی استان فارس241260332810.22077/jgdms.2024.8312.1208FAعلیشمس الدینیدانشیار جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی روستایی، واحد شیراز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شیراز، ایران0000-0001-9757-4331Journal Article20241021IntroductionSustainable economic development is a cornerstone of rural development, aiming to enhance the quality of life and increase the income of rural communities. This concept emphasizes a balanced integration of economic, social, and environmental dimensions, seeking to meet present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. In rural settlements, sustainable development encompasses the efficient use of natural resources, infrastructure improvement, increased agricultural and livestock productivity, and access to new markets. Importantly, it extends beyond agriculture to include support for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), the development of rural tourism, and digital-based economic activities. This holistic approach not only mitigates rural-to-urban migration but also promotes environmental sustainability, social equity, and local economic empowerment. Sustainable rural economic development involves a set of coordinated policies and actions designed to improve socioeconomic conditions. Sustainable agriculture—leveraging modern technologies and resource-efficient practices—plays a central role, while tourism and handicrafts contribute to income generation and cultural preservation. This study analyzes and ranks the key economic factors influencing sustainable development in rural settlements of Fars Province, Iran, providing critical insights for evidence-based decision-making and strategic planning by provincial authorities. MethodologyThis descriptive-analytical study employed a mixed-methods approach, integrating documentary analysis, library research, and expert surveys. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered to 30 domain experts with extensive experience in rural development, including specialists in agriculture, geography, rural planning, sociology, and relevant government agencies. In the first phase, a comprehensive set of economic indicators was identified from the literature and validated by experts. For the TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method, experts rated the importance of each indicator on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = very low to 5 = very high). For the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), pairwise comparisons were conducted using a 1–9 Saaty scale to determine relative weights. Data analysis and prioritization were performed using Expert Choice software, which facilitated the calculation of weights, consistency checks, and final ranking of indicators and economic sectors. FindingsTwelve key indicators influencing sustainable economic development in rural settlements of Fars Province were identified and evaluated:Access to markets (transport infrastructure and fair pricing)Education and skill developmentAvailability of natural resources (water, soil, climate)Support for sustainable agricultureEstablishment of production and distribution cooperativesUse of technology and innovationInvestment and financingGovernment support policiesCultural and social awarenessEconomic diversificationEssential infrastructure and public servicesQuality of human resourcesThese were grouped into five economic sectors: agricultural, industrial, service, tourism, and digital activities. Using Shannon’s entropy method, weights were assigned to reflect each indicator’s relative importance. The results revealed that developing agricultural activities achieved the highest performance score (0.853), ranking first, while digital and internet-based activities scored the lowest (0.307). In the AHP analysis, natural resources (water and soil) emerged as the most influential factor, with a weight of 0.255, followed by essential infrastructure (0.187) and capital attraction (0.163). The consistency ratio (CR = 0.09) was below the acceptable threshold of 0.10, confirming the reliability and logical consistency of the pairwise comparisons. Discussion and ConclusionThis study applies two complementary multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques—AHP and TOPSIS—to analyze and rank factors affecting sustainable economic development in rural Fars Province, yielding highly consistent results. Experts identified natural resources, particularly water and soil, as the most critical determinant, reflecting their foundational role in the livelihoods and identity of rural communities. Basic infrastructure and public services (e.g., electricity, water, internet) were ranked second, underscoring their enabling role in development. Access to investment and financing was also deemed vital for stimulating job creation and entrepreneurial activity. Lower-ranked factors such as cultural aspects and cooperatives indicate that while these areas are relatively strong, they require less immediate intervention. Sectoral prioritization shows agriculture as the top priority, followed by tourism and digital activities, highlighting the continued centrality of agriculture in the rural economy. These findings call for policy strategies that prioritize investment in natural resource management, infrastructure, and financial support systems. Ultimately, achieving sustainable rural development requires an integrated, balanced approach across economic, social, and environmental dimensions. This research provides a robust analytical framework for policymakers to design targeted, effective interventions that enhance rural welfare and long-term sustainability.سکونتگاه‌های روستایی در جهت دستیابی به توسعه پایدار نیاز به توسعه در جنبه‌های مختلف از جمله بعد اقتصادی دارند. شناخت مهم‌ترین عوامل اثرگذار در این روند و اولویت بندی آنها در این راستا بسیار حائز اهمیت است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف شناخت و رتبه بندی مهم‌ترین عوامل اثرگذار در توسعه پایدار اقتصادی سکونتگاه‌های روستای استان فارس انجام گرفت. برای دست یابی به این هدف از روش تحقیق توصیفی تحلیلی و استفاده از نظرات کارشناسان و دو تکنیک تصمیم‌گیری چندمعیاره TOPSIS و AHP با نرم‌افزار Expert Choice استفاده شد. نتایج تجزیه و تحلیل و خروجی نرم افزار نشان داد که نتایج هر دو مدل بسیار به‌هم نزدیک بوده و شاخص‌های دسترسی به منابع‌طبیعی، زیرساخت‌های اصلی و جذب سرمایه بیشترین اهمیت و وزن را در پژوهش داشته و همچنین اصلی‌ترین بخش‌های اقتصادی در سکونتگاه‌های روستایی استان فارس نیز به‌ترتیب بخش‌های کشاورزی و گردشگری بوده و در رتبه‌های بعد فعالیت‌های بخش الکترونیک و خدمات امتیاز بسیار نزدیک به‌هم را کسب کردند و در رتبه آخر نیز فعالیت‌های بخش صنایع قرار گرفته‌اند. می‌توان گفت در جهت دستیابی سکونتگاه‌های روستایی استان فارس به توسعه اقتصادی پایدار، تصمیم‌گیران و مدیران ملی و استانی باید فعالیت‌های بخش کشاورزی را با توجه به ساختار روستاهای استان در اولویت قرار دهند و با بهره‌وری بهینه از منابع‌طبیعی در دسترس و جذب سرمایه و تکمیل زیرساخت‌های اصلی شرایط مناسب را برای توسعه اقتصادی پایدار فراهم سازند.https://gmd.birjand.ac.ir/article_3328_e94fe9ac8dc10dd8b9a239e6abee2848.pdfدانشگاه بیرجندمطالعات مدیریت توسعه سبز2981-24024220250723Factors Affecting Green Production Behavior among Fruit Farmers in Ilam Provinceواکاوی عوامل مؤثر بر رفتار تولید سبز در بین باغداران استان ایلام261278333010.22077/jgdms.2024.8072.1186FAجوادعرفانیمقدمدانشیار گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران0000-0002-6994-9658نعمتالهشیریدانشیار گروه کارآفرینی و توسعه روستایی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران0000-0002-7797-3076زریزاهدیدانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایرانJournal Article20240826IntroductionThe advancement of global economic development has been accompanied by significant environmental degradation, including climate change, depletion of natural resources, and pollution such as acid rain. Environmental concerns have now become a critical global challenge, prompting governments and institutions worldwide to promote sustainable practices. In response, green production and consumption have emerged as dominant trends, driven by growing public awareness and demand for environmentally friendly products. Consumers increasingly prioritize health and safety, particularly in food products, making the quality of fruits a key factor in purchasing decisions. This shift has compelled producers, especially in agriculture, to adopt green production methods. This study investigates the factors influencing green production behavior among fruit farmers in Ilam Province, Iran. Grounded in Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), the research extends the model by integrating additional constructs—moral norms, perceived risk, perceived benefits, and perceived value—to better explain the behavioral intentions and actions of fruit farmers toward sustainable agricultural practices. MethodologyThis applied, descriptive-correlational study adopted a quantitative research design using variance-based structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The target population consisted of 6,317 registered fruit farmers in Ilam Province. A stratified random sampling method with proportional allocation was employed to select 209 participants, ensuring representativeness across regions and farm sizes. Data were collected via a structured questionnaire, whose content and construct validity were confirmed through expert review and confirmatory factor analysis. Reliability was established using Cronbach’s alpha (α> 0.7) and composite reliability (CR> 0.7). Descriptive statistics (frequencies, means, standard deviations) and inferential analyses were conducted using SPSS 26 and SmartPLS 3. The measurement and structural models were evaluated for validity, reliability, and model fit, with path coefficients and significance levels assessed via bootstrapping (5,000 resamples). FindingsThe measurement model demonstrated strong unidimensionality, convergent and discriminant validity, and high reliability for all constructs. The structural model explained approximately 51% of the variance in green production behavior among fruit farmers. Results revealed that perceived behavioral control, green production intention, perceived benefits, and perceived value had positive and statistically significant effects on green production behavior at the 1% significance level. Subjective norms were significant at the 5% level, indicating the influence of social and community expectations. Conversely, perceived risk exerted a significant negative effect, suggesting that uncertainty about costs, yields, or market access hinders green adoption. Notably, moral norms and attitude did not show statistically significant direct effects. The path from perceived behavioral control to green production intention indicated a weak effect size, while the link between green production intention and actual behavior was moderate, underscoring the importance of intention as a behavioral driver. The model also demonstrated high predictive power (Q²> 0.25) for endogenous constructs, particularly green production behavior, intention, and perceived value. Discussion and ConclusionThe findings confirm that the extended TPB model is effective in explaining green production behavior among fruit farmers in Ilam Province. Key determinants include perceived behavioral control, intention, perceived benefits, subjective norms, and perceived value, while perceived risk acts as a barrier. These insights offer actionable implications for policymakers and agricultural extension services. To promote green production, it is essential to strengthen farmers’ sense of control through training programs, technical support, and access to green inputs. Given the influence of subjective norms, collaboration with trusted community figures—such as religious leaders, local councils, and respected elders—can amplify pro-environmental messaging and discourage the use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers. Economic incentives, including guaranteed purchase schemes, premium pricing, subsidies, and recognition through local festivals, can enhance perceived benefits and motivate adoption. To mitigate perceived risks, risk-reduction mechanisms such as insurance schemes, price guarantees, and demonstration farms should be implemented. Furthermore, awareness campaigns—using brochures, videos, and village-level workshops—can educate farmers on the long-term environmental and health benefits of sustainable practices. Finally, showcasing successful green farming models can strengthen intentions and facilitate behavioral change. This study provides a validated framework for understanding and promoting sustainable agriculture in similar rural and agricultural contexts.امروزه محصولات سبز اهمیت بالایی در بین جامعه پیدا کرده‌اند. نظر به اینکه پذیرش تولید محصولات سبز به طیف وسیعی از عوامل وابسته است، لذا در پژوهش حاضر عوامل مؤثر بر رفتار تولید سبز در بین باغداران استان ایلام بررسی شد. جامعه آماری شامل کلیه باغداران استان ایلام به تعداد 6317 نفر بود که تعداد 209 نفر از آنان به روش نمونه‌گیری طبقه‌ای با انتساب متناسب برای مطالعه انتخاب شدند. ابزار اصلی گردآوری داده‌ها در این پژوهش، پرسشنامه‌ای استاندارد بود. تحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزارهای SPSS نسخه 26 و SmartPLS نسخه سه انجام شد. یافته‌های مطالعه نشان داد که اثر کل متغیرهای نهفته کنترل رفتاری ادراک‌شده، قصد تولید سبز، منافع ادراک‌شده و ارزش ادراک‌شده در سطح خطای یک درصد و اثر کل متغیر نهفته هنجارهای ذهنی در سطح خطای پنج درصد بر رفتار تولید سبز از لحاظ آماری مثبت و معنادار بود. این در حالی است که اثر کل متغیر نهفته ریسک ادراک‌شده در سطح خطای یک درصد بر رفتار تولید سبز از لحاظ آماری منفی و معنادار بود. همچنین، نتایج نشان داد که اثر کل متغیرهای نهفته هنجارهای اخلاقی و نگرش بر رفتار تولید سبز از لحاظ آماری معنادار نبود. یافته‌های مطالعه حاضر نشان داد که رفتار تولید سبز از عواملی نظیر کنترل رفتاری ادراک‌شده، قصد تولید سبز، منافع ادراک شده، ارزش ادراک‌شده، هنجارهای ذهنی و ریسک ادراک‌شده تأثیر می‌پذیرد، بنابراین، توجه به این عوامل برای ترویج تولید محصولات سبز ضروری است.https://gmd.birjand.ac.ir/article_3330_2996962656838a97af4c5f926fe6f1b0.pdfدانشگاه بیرجندمطالعات مدیریت توسعه سبز2981-24024220250723Water Resources Management of Urban Green Spaces in Zahedan City under Different Development Scenariosمدیریت منابع آب فضای سبز شهری شهرستان زاهدان تحت سناریوهای مختلف توسعه279298347710.22077/jgdms.2024.8403.1215FAنسرینحسین بردانشجوی دکتری اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایرانمهدیصفدریدانشیار اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایرانعلیسردارشهرکیدانشیار گروه اقتصادکشاورزی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران0000-0002-3232-5999ابراهیممرادیدانشیار اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایراننداعلی احمدیدکتری اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایرانJournal Article20241110IntroductionToday, the concept of cities cannot be compared without effective green space in its various forms. The importance of urban green spaces is such that today the existence of this use is considered as one of the indicators of the development of societies. Therefore, the development of urban green space is bound to meet its water needs, and despite the fact that Iran is located in a hot and dry region and facing a water crisis, the importance of defining and using non-conventional water resources for managers is evident. One of the non-conventional water sources is urban sewage effluent. Due to the lack of rainfall throughout the year, the water situation in Zahedan city is such that the supply of water needed by the green space sector faces a serious challenge. Considering the low per capita green space in Zahedan city, which is approximately 4 square meters per person, and the distance between this per capita and the country's is 12 square meters. MethodologyIn this study, we decided to use non-conventional water to replace conventional water to irrigate urban green spaces by analyzing the dynamics of the system and considering the water crisis in Zahedan and the importance of green spaces with the management of urban sewage effluents. Therefore, modeling steps are presented in system dynamics analysis.Identification of similar boundariesIntroduction of system subsystemsThe following modeling is similar to water resourcesEnter variables such as populationEntering variables such as urban sewage treatmentGreen space water consumption modelingSimilar to resources and consumption of Zahedan city in VENSIMSimilar validation(1) Borders like: The borders created are considered to be similar to Zahedan city in terms of location and for the horizon of 1415 in terms of time. The input data is from 1385 to 1402. In the created simulation, it has been tried to consider all the beneficiaries of water resources, including domestic, green, industrial, agricultural and environmental consumers, and the effects can be taken and presented for each of them.(2) Introducing the following system clones: Based on the presented conceptual model, four sub-models including underground water resources, population, wastewater treatment and urban green space are considered. In the following, brief explanations will be given about each of these similarities.(3) Validation similar to: In order to verify the validity, the behavior repetition test is used. This test focuses on checking similar outputs. In such a way that the data produced by the simulator should be compared with the historical data, in order to find out how well the trend of the data produced by the simulator corresponds with the historical data. For comparison, the variables of underground water volume, water demand of Zahedan city, water demand of Zahedan green area, lack of available resources and needs of users are used and the statistical tools of coefficient of explanation and average in the absolute limit of error are used in order to check the similar behavior.In this research, based on the information obtained and the data collected during the years 2006 to 2023, the scenarios of 2023 to 1415 were predicted. It has been predicted and estimated with the help of Vensim software. The initial scenarios include 1- increasing the efficiency of the water supply line and establishing the Hirmand water supply from 80% to 95%, 2- increasing the irrigation efficiency from 35% to 75%, and 3- reducing the cultivated area in Zahedan city to 50%. FindingsIn the basic scenario of the water resources system, the water balance in 2036 will decrease to 39685 million cubic meters per year, and water shortage will occur in the city. Under the wastewater treatment system, purified water increases by 7055.07 million cubic meters per year. Under the system of green space, urban green space in Zahedan city increases by 19194 square meters per year.The results of the application of the scenario of increasing the efficiency of the water supply line (S1) by 95%, in the sub-system of water resources, the water balance in the years 2023 and 2036 at the rate of -408.88 and -37391 million cubic meters per year, which compared to the base scenario is about It has increased by 2000 million cubic meters per year and water shortage has decreased as a result. Wastewater treatment in 2023 and 2036 has increased by 278.19 and 15605 million cubic meters per year compared to the basic conditions. Also, the water demand of urban green spaces has decreased by 316.56 and 18142 million cubic meters per year in 2023 and 2036.The results of the estimation of the scenario of 75% increase in irrigation efficiency (S2) show that in the sub-system of water resources, the water balance in the years 2023 and 2036 was -52.380 and -17175 million cubic meters per year, which compared to the base scenario has increased by about 22,000 million cubic meters per year, and water scarcity has decreased accordingly. Wastewater treatment in 2023 and 2036 was 141.68 and 8717 million cubic meters per year, which has increased compared to the basic conditions. Also, the water demand of urban green space has decreased by 300.64 and 10078 million cubic meters per year in 2023 and 2036.The results of the implementation of the 50% reduction scenario of the total cultivated area (S3) show that in the sub-system of water resources, the water balance in the years 2023 and 2036 was -334.05 and -6410 million cubic meters per year, which Compared to the base scenario, it has increased by about 33,000 million cubic meters per year, and as a result, the water shortage has decreased to a great extent. Wastewater treatment in 2023 and 2036 was 99.159 and 1919 million cubic meters per year, which has decreased compared to the basic conditions. Also, the water demand of urban green spaces has decreased by 237.97 and 5036 million cubic meters per year in 2023 and 2036. Discussion and ConclusionApproximately 70 to 90% of the water consumed in every community becomes wastewater, so the management of wastewater production is equal to the management of water consumption. The results of the simulation of the scenarios show that if Zahedan continues under the current conditions of water resources management, it will witness an imbalance and shortage of water and an increase in the demand for green space, but by applying the other three scenarios, it will witness an increase in the balance in water resources and consequently Reducing water shortage, increasing wastewater treatment, and increasing the production of wastewater for consumption, as well as reducing the demand of green space from water sources will be conventional. Wastewater production management can be considered as the most logical and least expensive way to manage wastewater. In fact, neglecting this part will undoubtedly cause a waste of resources and facilities. The collection and transfer of wastewater should be considered according to several factors, including economic considerations, the possibility of reusing wastewater at its production site, and other issues. Collecting and transporting wastewater is one of the pillars of wastewater management.تصفیه فاضلاب شهری و فرآیندهایی که سعی در حذف مواد آلاینده موجود در پساب محیط‌های مسکونی و تجاری دارند، تأثیر بسیار زیادی بر حفاظت از محیط‌زیست خواهند داشت. به عبارت دیگر، پشت سرگذاشتن و طی کردن مراحل تصفیه فاضلاب شهری (تصفیه فاضلاب بهداشتی و انسانی) منجر به بالا بردن کیفیت فاضلاب می‌گردد. به طوریکه می‌توان این فاضلاب را برای مصارف کشاورزی و باغبانی و بدون نگرانی بابت وجود آلاینده‌های شیمیایی و بیولوژیکی در آنها مورد استفاده قرار داد. شهر زاهدان به دلیل موقعیت جغرافیایی و واقع شدن در منطقه گرم و خشک همواره با کمبود آب روبه‌رو بوده است و در سال‌های اخیر با توجه به گسترش شهرنشینی و افزایش مهاجرت نیاز مبرم به توسعه فضای سبز شهری به وجود آمده است که نیاز به تعریف منابع آبی غیر متعارف، جهت رفع کمبود آب مورد تقاضای فضای سبز شهری به وجود آمده است. در این پژوهش با استفاده از شبیه‌سازی رفتاری و بکارگیری پویایی سیستم و استفاده از نرم افزار Vensim، سناریوهای قابل‌اجرا اعمال و شبیه‌سازی شد. سناریوهایی شامل 1- افزایش راندمان خط آبرسانی و برقراری آورد هیرمند از 80 درصد به 95 درصد 2- افزایش راندمان آبیاری از 35 درصد به 75 درصد و 3- کاهش سطح زیر کشت اراضی در زاهدان به 50 درصد برای یک افق 12 ساله ارائه شد. نتایج حاصل از شبیه‌سازی سناریوها نشان‌می‌دهد که اگر زاهدان تحت شرایط فعلی مدیریت منابع آب پیش رود شاهد عدم تعادل و کمبود آب و افزایش تقاضا برای فضای سبز خواهد بود اما با اعمال سه سناریوی دیگر شاهد افزایش تعادل در منابع آبی و به‌تبع آن کاهش کمبود آب، افزایش تصفیه فاضلاب و افزایش میزان تولید پساب فاضلاب جهت مصرف و همچنین کاهش تقاضای فضای سبز از منابع آبی متعارف خواهد بود. لذا در بعد مدیریتی پیشنهاد می‌گردد سیاستگذاری نسبت به جمع آوری و انتقال فاضلاب می‌بایست با توجه به موارد متعددی از جمله ملاحظات اقتصادی، امکان استفاده دوباره از فاضلاب در محل تولید آن و موارد دیگر مورد توجه قرار گیرد. جمع‌آوری و انتقال فاضلاب یکی از ارکان مدیریت فاضلاب محسوب‌می‌شود.https://gmd.birjand.ac.ir/article_3477_6d6968d87c240c699190e2d8c029fa9d.pdfدانشگاه بیرجندمطالعات مدیریت توسعه سبز2981-24024220250723Environmental Impact Assessment of Fajr Jam Gas Refinery Companyارزیابی آثار زیست‌محیطی شرکت پالایشگاه گاز فجر جم299313349610.22077/jgdms.2025.8601.1231FAپارساپاشاییدانشجوی دکتری رشته جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی و برنامه‌ریزی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران0000-0002-3452-7914مفیدشاطریدانشیار گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم‌انسانی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایرانعلیاشرفیاستادیار گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم‌انسانی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایرانJournal Article20241218IntroductionAs key industries in energy supply, oil refineries play a pivotal role in national economic development; however, their operations are associated with significant environmental consequences. The processes of oil extraction and refining release a range of pollutants—including greenhouse gases, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds—contributing to climate change, acid rain, and adverse human health effects such as respiratory disorders (Mani et al., 2021; Dutta et al., 2020). Moreover, the discharge of untreated wastewater and accidental oil spills into surface and groundwater systems poses serious threats to aquatic ecosystems, leading to reduced biodiversity and habitat degradation (Olokani et al., 2022). Refineries also generate hazardous wastes that contaminate soil and water resources, resulting in long-term ecological damage (Rao et al., 2021). To mitigate these impacts, the implementation of stringent environmental regulations and the adoption of cleaner production technologies are essential (Khan et al., 2023). In Iran, the oil and gas sector holds strategic importance for the economy, yet it remains a major source of environmental degradation through the pollution of air, water, and soil (Pourian & Khalili, 2017). Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) has long been recognized as an effective tool for identifying, predicting, and mitigating the adverse effects of industrial projects such as refineries. While EIA has been systematically applied in many developed countries, its formal implementation in Iran dates back to 1994 (Qaderi et al., 2015). Numerous studies have documented the environmental footprint of refineries in Iran, highlighting issues such as air and water pollution, degradation of natural resources, and public health risks (Askarzadeh-Torqabeh et al., 2003; Azizpour & Ghasemi, 2010; Tavakol & Nozari, 2012; Sadeghian & Sahba, 2012; Ghasemi et al., 2014). These findings underscore the urgent need for improved waste management practices, continuous environmental monitoring, and the integration of sustainable development principles in industrial planning. Despite these efforts, challenges remain, particularly in rural and ecologically sensitive areas, where regulatory enforcement is often weak and environmental data are limited—highlighting the importance of localized, evidence-based assessments to guide policy and practice. Methodology The research methodology employed a descriptive-analytical approach with an applied objective, integrating both documentary and field-based data collection methods. In the documentary phase, relevant literature, reports, and official records pertaining to the Fajr Gas Refinery in Jam County and the broader oil and gas industry were reviewed. For the field investigation, primary data were collected directly from refinery units, and a structured environmental questionnaire was developed and administered to local residents. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were rigorously assessed and confirmed through expert review and statistical tests (Cronbach’s alpha). Data analysis was performed using SPSS software, employing descriptive statistics and inferential statistical tests—including the one-sample t-test—to evaluate the environmental impacts of the refinery on the study area. This integrated approach enabled a comprehensive assessment of the ecological consequences associated with the refinery’s operations. FindingThe findings of the present study entitled "Investigation and Analysis of the Environmental Impacts of the Fajr Gas Refinery" clearly indicate significant negative impacts resulting from the establishment and operation of the Fajr Gas Refinery in Jam County on the regional environment, particularly in surrounding rural areas. These impacts manifest across multiple dimensions—hydrological, atmospheric, soil, biological, and socio-economic—and are substantiated by statistical data, inferential statistical tests, and local residents’ observations.In terms of water quality analysis, sampling results from the refinery, steam effluent, treatment plants, and downstream qanats reveal a marked deterioration in water quality. Key indicators of this degradation include elevated salinity, high electrical conductivity, excessive water hardness, high concentrations of nitrate and ammonium ions, and severe microbial contamination (with MPN > 1100). Notably, data from the downstream qanat—showing 10.17% salinity, electrical conductivity of 17,440 µS/cm, and total hardness of 2,240 mg/L—indicate highly unsuitable conditions for drinking, agricultural, and industrial uses. These conditions clearly stem from the infiltration of industrial effluents and inadequate management of refinery waste.Furthermore, increased levels of organic pollutants (such as high COD) in both the refinery and steam effluent, coupled with declining groundwater levels, are additional signs of a growing water crisis in the region. Findings from Tables 5 and 6, based on a one-sample t-test assessing 13 environmental indicators, scientifically and statistically confirm that the establishment of the refinery has been associated with significant adverse effects. The significance value (Sig = 0.003), which is well below the 0.05 error threshold, decisively rejects the null hypothesis and supports the primary research hypothesis that negative environmental impacts have occurred. All assessed components—from reduced water resources to noise pollution and land-use changes—exhibit mean values exceeding permissible limits, reflecting serious concerns among local residents and environmental experts alike. Discussion and ResultsThe findings of this study clearly confirm that the establishment of the Fajr Gas Refinery in Jam County has led to extensive negative environmental impacts, including air pollution, degradation of water quality and quantity, depletion of groundwater aquifers, destruction of vegetation cover, soil and noise contamination, and shifts in agricultural practices. These impacts not only threaten the natural ecosystem but also severely affect the health, livelihoods, and overall quality of life of local residents. In order to transform the current situation and taking into account the environmental impacts of the refinery, the following key recommendations can be proposed:Comprehensive Industrial Wastewater ManagementContinuous Environmental MonitoringRestoration of Degraded EcosystemsPublic Education and Community EngagementBalanced and Sustainable DevelopmentThis study emphasizes that without immediate and structured interventions, the environmental consequences of the Fajr Gas Refinery could escalate into an irreversible crisis. Therefore, it is imperative that policymakers, industrial managers, and local communities collaborate proactively to restore the environment and promote sustainable development in the region.در جهان امروز انرژی به‌عنوان یکی از عناصر بنیادین توسعه شناخته می‌شود و نقشی حیاتی در پیشرفت اقتصادی و اجتماعی ایفا می‌کند. پالایشگاه‌های نفت و گاز به‌عنوان زیرساخت‌های کلیدی تأمین انرژی، نه‌تنها نیازهای مصرفی را برآورده می‌سازند، بلکه تأثیرات زیست‌محیطی قابل‌توجهی بر مناطق پیرامونی خود دارند. این پژوهش باهدف بررسی اثرات زیست‌محیطی پالایشگاه گاز فجر شهرستان جم بر روستاهای پیرامون، به‌منظور تحلیل شاخص‌های زیست‌محیطی روستاهای پیرامون پالایشگاه پرداخته‌است. روش تحقیق توصیفی - تحلیلی بوده و از داده‌های کتابخانه‌ای؛ میدانی و همچنین تحلیل‌های نرم‌افزاری SPSS استفاده شده‌است. بر اساس یافته‌ها احداث پالایشگاه گاز فجر در شهرستان جم باعث ایجاد اثرات زیست‌محیطی منفی گسترده‌ای از جمله آلودگی‌هوا، تغییر کیفیت و کمیت آب، افت سفره‌های آب زیرزمینی، تخریب پوشش گیاهی، آلودگی خاک و صوتی، و تغییر الگوی کشت شده‌است. این اثرات نه‌تنها محیط‌زیست طبیعی را تهدید می‌کند، بلکه سلامت، معیشت و کیفیت زندگی ساکنان محلی را نیز به‌شکل جدی تحت‌تأثیر قرار داده است. این پژوهش تأکید می‌کند که بدون اقدامات فوری و ساختاریافته، پیامدهای زیست‌محیطی پالایشگاه گاز فجر می‌تواند به یک بحران غیرقابل جبران تبدیل شود. بنابراین، ضرورت دارد که سیاست‌گذاران، مدیران صنعتی و مردم به‌صورت هم‌افزا برای بازسازی محیط‌زیست و ایجاد توسعه پایدار در منطقه گام بردارند.https://gmd.birjand.ac.ir/article_3496_0a348ede8ac3768875037baca5de6e26.pdf